The government of a small but important country has decided that the alphabet needs to be streamlined and reordered. Uppercase letters will be eliminated. They will issue a royal decree in the form of a String of B and A characters. The first character in the decree specifies whether a must come ( B )Before b in the new alphabet or ( A )After b . The second character determines the relative placement of b and c , etc. So, for example, "BAA" means that a must come Before b , b must come After c , and c must come After d .
Any letters beyond these requirements are to be excluded, so if the decree specifies k comparisons then the new alphabet will contain the first k+1 lowercase letters of the current alphabet.
Create a class Alphabet that contains the method choices that takes the decree as input and returns the number of possible new alphabets that conform to the decree. If more than 1,000,000,000 are possible, return -1.
Definition
本書第二部分講述的是在Wi n 3 2平臺上的Wi n s o c k編程。對于眾多的基層網絡協議,
Wi n s o c k是訪問它們的首選接口。而且在每個Wi n 3 2平臺上,Wi n s o c k都以不同的形式存在著。
Wi n s o c k是網絡編程接口,而不是協議。它從U n i x平臺的B e r k e l e y(B S D)套接字方案借鑒了
許多東西,后者能訪問多種網絡協議。在Wi n 3 2環境中,Wi n s o c k接口最終成為一個真正的
“與協議無關”接口,尤其是在Winsock 2發布之后。
Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)是Schnorr和ElGamal簽名算法的變種,被美國NIST作為DSS(DigitalSignature Standard)。算法中應用了下述參數:
p:L bits長的素數。L是64的倍數,范圍是512到1024;
q:p - 1的160bits的素因子;
g:g = h^((p-1)/q) mod p,h滿足h < p - 1, h^((p-1)/q) mod p > 1;
x:x < q,x為私鑰 ;
y:y = g^x mod p ,( p, q, g, y )為公鑰;
H( x ):One-Way Hash函數。DSS中選用SHA( Secure Hash Algorithm )。
p, q, g可由一組用戶共享,但在實際應用中,使用公共模數可能會帶來一定的威脅。簽名及驗證協議如下:
1. P產生隨機數k,k < q;
2. P計算 r = ( g^k mod p ) mod q
s = ( k^(-1) (H(m) + xr)) mod q
簽名結果是( m, r, s )。
3. 驗證時計算 w = s^(-1)mod q
u1 = ( H( m ) * w ) mod q
u2 = ( r * w ) mod q
v = (( g^u1 * y^u2 ) mod p ) mod q
若v = r,則認為簽名有效。
DSA是基于整數有限域離散對數難題的,其安全性與RSA相比差不多。DSA的一個重要特點是兩個素數公開,這樣,當使用別人的p和q時,即使不知道私鑰,你也能確認它們是否是隨機產生的,還是作了手腳。RSA算法卻作不到。