Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
C++完美演繹 經典算法 如 /* 頭文件：my_Include.h */ #include <stdio.h> /* 展開C語言的內建函數指令 */ #define PI 3.1415926 /* 宏常量，在稍后章節再詳解 */ #define circle(radius) (PI*radius*radius) /* 宏函數，圓的面積 */ /* 將比較數值大小的函數寫在自編include文件內 */ int show_big_or_small (int a,int b,int c) { int tmp if (a>b) { tmp = a a = b b = tmp } if (b>c) { tmp = b b = c c = tmp } if (a>b) { tmp = a a = b b = tmp } printf("由小至大排序之后的結果:%d %d %d\n", a, b, c) } 程序執行結果： 由小至大排序之后的結果:1 2 3 可將內建函數的include文件展開在自編的include文件中 圓圈的面積是=201.0619264
