Telecommunication, satellite links and set-top boxes allrequire tuning a high frequency oscillator. The actualtuning element is a varactor diode, a 2-terminal device thatchanges capacitance as a function of reverse bias voltage.1 The oscillator is part of a frequency synthesizingloop, as detailed in Figure 1. A phase locked loop (PLL)compares a divided down representation of the oscillatorwith a frequency reference. The PLL’s output is levelshifted to provide the high voltage necessary to bias thevaractor, which closes a feedback loop by voltage tuningthe oscillator. This loop forces the voltage controlledoscillator (VCO) to operate at a frequency determined bythe frequency reference and the divider’s Division ratio.
上傳時間: 2013-12-20
上傳用戶:ABCDE
單片機指令系統 3.1 MCS-51指令簡介 3.2 指令系統 3.1 MCS-51指令簡介 二、MCS-51系列單片機指令系統分類 按尋址方式分為以下七種:按功能分為以下四種: 1、立即立即尋址 1、數據傳送指令位操 2、直接尋址 2、算術運算指令 3、寄存器尋址 3、邏輯運算指令 4、寄存器間接尋址指令 4、控制轉移類指令 5、相對尋址 5、位操作指令 6、變址尋址 7、位尋址 三、尋址方式 3、寄存器間接尋址 MOV A, @R1 操作數是通過寄存器間接得到的。 4、立即尋址 MOV A, #40H 操作數在指令中直接給出。 5、基址寄存器加變址寄存器尋址 以DPTR或PC為基址寄存器,以A為變址寄存器, 以兩者相加形成的16位地址為操作數的地址。 MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVC A, @A+PC 四、指令中常用符號說明 Rn——當前寄存器區的8個工作寄存器R0~R7(n=0~7); Ri——當前寄存器區可作地址寄存器的2個工作寄存器R0和R1(i=0,1); direct——8位內部數據存儲器單元的地址及特殊功能寄存器的地址; #data——表示8位常數(立即數); #datal6——表示16位常數; add 16——表示16位地址; addrll——表示11位地址; rel——8位帶符號的地址偏移量; bit——表示位地址; @——間接尋址寄存器或基址寄存器的前綴; ( )——表示括號中單元的內容 (( ))——表示間接尋址的內容; 五、MCS-51指令簡介 1. 以累加器A為目的操作數的指令 2. 以Rn為目的操作數的指令 3. 以直接地址為目的操作數的指令 4. 以寄存器間接地址為目的操作數指令 應用舉例1 8段數碼管顯示 應用舉例2 3.2 指令系統 2、堆棧操作指令 3. 累加器A與外部數據傳輸指令 4. 查表指令 MOVC A, @A+PC 例子: 5. 字節交換指令 6. 半字節交換指令 二、算術操作類指令 PSW寄存器 2. 帶進位加法指令 3. 加1指令 4. 十進制調整指令 5. 帶借位減法指令(Subtraction) 6. 減1指令(Decrease) 7. 乘法指令(Multiplication) 8. 除法指令(Division) 三、邏輯運算指令 1. 簡單邏輯操作指令 2. 循環指令 帶進位左循環指令(Rotate Accumulator Left through Carry flag) 右循環指令(Rotate Accumulator Right) 帶進位右循環指令(Rotate A Right with C) 3. 邏輯與指令 4. 邏輯或指令 5. 邏輯異或指令 四、控制轉移類指令 1. 跳轉指令 相對轉移指令 SJMP rel PC←(PC)+2 PC←(PC)+rel 程序中標號與地址之間的關系 2. 條件轉移指令 3. 比較不相等轉移指令 4. 減 1 不為 0 轉移指令 5. 調用子程序指令 7. 中斷返回指令 五、位操作指令 1. 數據位傳送指令 2. 位變量邏輯指令 3. 條件轉移類指令
上傳時間: 2013-10-27
上傳用戶:xuanjie
選擇映射法(SLM)和概率類算法都可以降低OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)系統的PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio),傳統SLM算法自身較為復雜,但由于其優良的性能,棄之可惜。研究表明,SLM算法和限幅類算法在性能上具有一定的互補性。任何一個算法未必能達到抑制PAPR的理想效果,在深入研究了兩個算法的基礎上,將其優點聯合起來,以達到降低OFDM系統PAPR的目的。最后對聯合改進算法進行了分析與仿真,并驗證了聯合改進算法的有效性和可行性
上傳時間: 2013-11-22
上傳用戶:xinhaoshan2016
正交頻分復用技術(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)非常適合高速通信系統,但存在高峰均功率比(PAPR)的問題。對OFDM系統中如何降低PARR的問題進行了研究,討論了降低PAPR的主要方法,重點分析了選擇性映射法(SLM),并在此基礎上提出了一種基于預編碼矩陣的改進算法,最后通過matlab進行了算法仿真,仿真結果表明,改進算法在使得OFDM系統在降低峰均功率比的性能上得到了進一步的改善。
上傳時間: 2014-01-23
上傳用戶:zwei41
Abstract: While many questions still surround the creation and deployment of the smart grid, the need for a reliablecommunications infrastructure is indisputable. Developers of the IEEE 1901.2 standard identified difficult channel conditionscharacteristic of low-frequency powerline communications and implemented an orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM)architecture using advanced modulation and channel-coding techniques. This strategy helped to ensure a robust communicationsnetwork for the smart grid.
上傳時間: 2013-10-18
上傳用戶:myworkpost
正交頻分復用 (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)是一種多載波調制技術,由于具有良好的抗多徑干擾性能,適用于高速數據傳輸,OFDM成為近年來人們研究的熱點。但是其峰均比較高,應用受到了限制,因此有必要研究降低PAPR的方法。本文首先介紹了OFDM的基本原理和PAPR的基本概念,然后討論了目前常用的降低PAPR的方法,最后對SLM和PTS方法進行了MATLAB仿真。
上傳時間: 2013-11-19
上傳用戶:moshushi0009
Agilent AN 154 S-Parameter Design Application Note S參數的設計與應用 The need for new high-frequency, solid-state circuitdesign techniques has been recognized both by microwaveengineers and circuit designers. These engineersare being asked to design solid state circuitsthat will operate at higher and higher frequencies.The development of microwave transistors andAgilent Technologies’ network analysis instrumentationsystems that permit complete network characterizationin the microwave frequency rangehave greatly assisted these engineers in their work.The Agilent Microwave Division’s lab staff hasdeveloped a high frequency circuit design seminarto assist their counterparts in R&D labs throughoutthe world. This seminar has been presentedin a number of locations in the United States andEurope.From the experience gained in presenting this originalseminar, we have developed a four-part videotape, S-Parameter Design Seminar. While the technologyof high frequency circuit design is everchanging, the concepts upon which this technologyhas been built are relatively invariant.The content of the S-Parameter Design Seminar isas follows:
標簽: S參數
上傳時間: 2013-12-19
上傳用戶:aa54
ACPR (adjacent channel power ratio), AltCPR (alternatechannel power ratio), and noise are important performancemetrics for digital communication systems thatuse, for example, WCDMA (wideband code Division multipleaccess) modulation. ACPR and AltCPR are bothmeasures of spectral regrowth. The power in the WCDMAcarrier is measured using a 5MHz measurement bandwidth;see Figure 1. In the case of ACPR, the total powerin a 3.84MHz bandwidth centered at 5MHz (the carrierspacing) away from the center of the outermost carrier ismeasured and compared to the carrier power. The resultis expressed in dBc. For AltCPR, the procedure is thesame, except we center the measurement 10MHz awayfrom the center of the outermost carrier.
上傳時間: 2013-11-02
上傳用戶:maricle
A collection of math routines including 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit signed and unsigned addition, subtraction, multiplication, and Division. Very nice code library with heavy in-line documentation! Been looking for multi-byte divide? Here it is.
標簽: bit collection including addition
上傳時間: 2015-05-17
上傳用戶:cursor
This document discusses recommended practices and style for programmers using the C language in the Flight Dynamics Division environment. Guidelines are based on generally recommended software engineering techniques, industry resources, and local convention. The Guide offers preferred solutions to common C programming issues and illustrates through examples of C code.
標簽: recommended programmers discusses practices
上傳時間: 2015-07-19
上傳用戶:jcljkh