From helping to assess the value of new medical treatments to evaluating the
Factors that affect our opinions and behaviors, analysts today are finding
myriad uses for categorical data methods. In this book we introduce these
methods and the theory behind them.
Statistical methods for categorical responses were late in gaining the level
of sophistication achieved early in the twentieth century by methods for
continuous responses. Despite influential work around 1900 by the British
statistician Karl Pearson, relatively little development of models for categorical
responses occurred until the 1960s. In this book we describe the early
fundamental work that still has importance today but place primary emphasis
on more recent modeling approaches. Before outlining
Human Factors and Systems Interaction aims to address the main issues of concern
within systems interface with a particular emphasis on the system lifecycle
development and implementation of interfaces and the general implications of
virtual, augmented and mixed reality with respect to human and technology
interaction. Human Factors and Systems Interaction is, in the first instance, affected
by the forces shaping the nature offuture computing and systems development
Abstract: Mechanical misalignment and scaling Factors lead to a mismatch between the values coming from a touchscreen panel (as translated by a touch screen controller) and the display (typically an LCD) on which the touch screenpanel is mounted. This tutorial discusses how to calibrate the touch screen panel to match the display.
Abstract: A perfect voltage reference produces a stable voltage independent of any external Factors. Real-world voltagereferences, of course, are subject to errors caused by many external Factors. One causeof these major errors istemperature. Without care, it is easy to operate a voltage reference outside its operating temperature range. Thisapplication note describes how references respond to temperature changes, and how self-heating can cause a voltagereference to operate outside its recommended temperature range. Once understood, this knowledge can then be used toavoid making this design error.
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡(jiǎn)述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過(guò)程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many Factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來(lái)，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問(wèn)題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問(wèn)題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門(mén)話(huà)題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無(wú)中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線(xiàn)性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法，專(zhuān)用于無(wú)中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話(huà)設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線(xiàn)路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線(xiàn)性失真有很?chē)?yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測(cè)無(wú)心罐形磁心及線(xiàn)圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測(cè)量時(shí)，所配用線(xiàn)圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線(xiàn)SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線(xiàn)架上繞制 120 匝， （線(xiàn)架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作，其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很?chē)?yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線(xiàn)性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線(xiàn)圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿(mǎn)足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬(wàn)和 100 萬(wàn)的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國(guó)外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬(wàn)為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
