Convergence between the two largest networks (Telecom and IP) is taking place
very rapidly and at diff erent Levels: (1) network level: unifi cation of IP networks
with traditional Telecom networks through evolving standards (Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP), Realtime Transfer Protocol (RTP), SS7, 3G) to support interopera-
bility; (2) service level: traditional Telecom services like voice calls are being provi-
sioned on the IP backbone (VoIP), while traditional IP services (most data-driven
services such as multimedia, browsing, chatting, gaming, etc.) are accessible over
the Telecom network.
The need to develop reliable microelectronic devices capable of operating at high
speeds with complex functionality requires a better understanding of the factors
that govern the thermal performance of electronics. With an increased demand
on system reliability and performance combined with miniaturization of the
devices, thermal consideration has become a crucial factor in the design of elec-
tronic packages, from chip to system Levels.
Recent advances in wireless communication technologies have had a transforma-
tive impact on society and have directly contributed to several economic and social
aspects of daily life. Increasingly, the untethered exchange of information between
devices is becoming a prime requirement for further progress, which is placing an
ever greater demand on wireless bandwidth. The ultra wideband (UWB) system
marks a major milestone in this progress. Since 2002, when the FCC allowed the
unlicensed use of low-power, UWB radio signals in the 3.1–10.6GHz frequency
band, there has been significant synergistic advance in this technology at the cir-
cuits, architectural and communication systems Levels. This technology allows for
devices to communicate wirelessly, while coexisting with other users by ensuring
that its power density is sufficiently low so that it is perceived as noise to other
users.
The continuing explosive growth in mobile communication is demanding more spectrally
efficient radio access technologies than the prevalent second generation (2G) systems such as
GSM to handle just the voice traffic. We are already witnessing high Levels of mobile
penetration exceeding 70% in some countries. It is anticipated that by 2010 more than half of
all communications will be carried out by mobile cellular networks. On the other hand, the
information revolution and changing life habits are bringing the requirement of commu-
nicating on a multimedia level to the mobile environment. But the data handling capabilities
and flexibility of the 2G cellular systems are limited.
Dear Reader, this book project brings to you a unique study tool for ESD
protection solutions used in analog-integrated circuit (IC) design. Quick-start
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disciplinary knowledge required to excel in the ESD field. The chapters cover
technical material from elementary semiconductor structure and device Levels up
to complex analog circuit design examples and case studies.
Since the 1990s the EU has been pursuing climate change mitigation targets. Following the
international commitment to the legally binding greenhouse gas reduction under the Kyoto
Protocol, the 2020 policy package consists of a set of binding legislation to ensure that the EU
meets its climate and energy targets for the year 2020. The package sets three key targets: 20%
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 Levels), 20% of EU energy from renewables (as
well as a 10% target for renewable fuels) and 20% improvement in energy efficiency. The targets
were set by EU leaders in 2007 and enacted in legislation in 2009 3 . They are also headline targets of
the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
For more than a century, overhead lines have been the most commonly used
technology for transmitting electrical energy at all voltage Levels, especially on the
highest Levels. However, in recent years, an increase in both the number and length
of HVAC cables in the transmission networks of different countries like Denmark,
Japan or United Kingdom has been observed. At the same time, the construction of
offshore wind farms, which are typically connected to the shore through HVAC
cables, increased exponentially.
The term “ smart grid ” defi nes a self - healing network equipped with dynamic optimiza-
tion techniques that use real - time measurements to minimize network losses, maintain
voltage Levels, increase reliability, and improve asset management. The operational data
collected by the smart grid and its sub - systems will allow system operators to rapidly
identify the best strategy to secure against attacks, vulnerability, and so on, caused by
various contingencies. However, the smart grid fi rst depends upon identifying and
researching key performance measures, designing and testing appropriate tools, and
developing the proper education curriculum to equip current and future personnel with
the knowledge and skills for deployment of this highly advanced system.
We’re living through exciting times. The landscape of what computers can do is
changing by the week. Tasks that only a few years ago were thought to require
higher cognition are getting solved by machines at near-superhuman Levels of per-
formance. Tasks such as describing a photographic image with a sentence in idiom-
atic English, playing complex strategy game, and diagnosing a tumor from a
radiological scan are all approachable now by a computer. Even more impressively,
computers acquire the ability to solve such tasks through examples, rather than
human-encoded of handcrafted rules.
EN 300220-1V2.4.1 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);Short Range Devices (SRD);Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power Levels ranging up to 500 mW; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods