celestia源代碼，Celestia, a real-time 3D Space simulation featuring a database of over 100000 stars, nearly a hundred solar system, objects, and a complete catalog of extrasolar planets.
In this article, we present an overview of methods for sequential simulation from posterior distributions.
These methods are of particular interest in Bayesian filtering for discrete time dynamic models
that are typically nonlinear and non-Gaussian. A general importance sampling framework is developed
that unifies many of the methods which have been proposed over the last few decades in several
different scientific disciplines. Novel extensions to the existing methods are also proposed.We showin
particular how to incorporate local linearisation methods similar to those which have previously been
employed in the deterministic filtering literature these lead to very effective importance distributions.
Furthermore we describe a method which uses Rao-Blackwellisation in order to take advantage of
the analytic structure present in some important classes of state-Space models. In a final section we
develop algorithms for prediction, smoothing and evaluation of the likelihood in dynamic models.
To estimate the input-output mapping with inputs x
％ and outputs y generated by the following nonlinear,
％ nonstationary state Space model:
％ x(t+1) = 0.5x(t) + [25x(t)]/[(1+x(t))^(2)]
％ + 8cos(1.2t) + process noise
％ y(t) = x(t)^(2) / 20 + 6 squareWave(0.05(t-1)) + 3
％ + time varying measurement noise
％ using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and both the EKF and
％ the hybrid importance-samping resampling (SIR) algorithm.
We have a group of N items (represented by integers from 1 to N), and we know that there is some total order defined for these items. You may assume that no two elements will be equal (for all a, b: a<b or b<a). However, it is expensive to compare two items. Your task is to make a number of comparisons, and then output the sorted order. The cost of determining if a < b is given by the bth integer of element a of costs (Space delimited), which is the same as the ath integer of element b. Naturally, you will be judged on the total cost of the comparisons you make before outputting the sorted order. If your order is incorrect, you will receive a 0. Otherwise, your score will be opt/cost, where opt is the best cost anyone has achieved and cost is the total cost of the comparisons you make (so your score for a test case will be between 0 and 1). Your score for the problem will simply be the sum of your scores for the individual test cases.
μC/OS-II Goals
Probably the most important goal of μC/OS-II was to make it backward compatible with μC/OS (at least from an
application’s standpoint). A μC/OS port might need to be modified to work with μC/OS-II but at least, the application
code should require only minor changes (if any). Also, because μC/OS-II is based on the same core as μC/OS, it is just
as reliable. I added conditional compilation to allow you to further reduce the amount of RAM (i.e. data Space) needed
by μC/OS-II. This is especially useful when you have resource limited products. I also added the feature described in
the previous section and cleaned up the code.
Where the book is concerned, I wanted to clarify some of the concepts described in the first edition and provide
additional explanations about how μC/OS-II works. I had numerous requests about doing a chapter on how to port
μC/OS and thus, such a chapter has been included in this book for μC/OS-II.
State_Space_reconstruction_parameters_in_the_analysis_of_chaotic_time_series_-_the_role_of_the_time_window_length.
It is used for reconstruction of state Space in chaotic time series, and also how to determine time window.
The first task at hand is to set up the endpoints appropriately for this example. The following code switches the CPU clock speed
to 48 MHz (since at power-on default it is 12 MHz), and sets up EP2 as a Bulk OUT endpoint, 4x buffered of size 512, and EP6
as a Bulk IN endpoint, also 4x buffered of size 512. This set-up utilizes the maximum allotted 4-KB FIFO Space. It also sets up
the FIFOs for manual mode, word-wide operation, and goes through a FIFO reset and arming sequence to ensure that they are
ready for data operations
