Modern day large power systems are essentially dynamic systems with stringent
requirements of high reliability for the continuous availability of electricity.
Reliability is contingent on the power system retaining stable operation during
steady-state operation and also following disturbances. The subject of power sys-
tem stability has been studied for many decades. With new developments, and there
have been many over the past couple of decades, new concerns and problems arise
that need to be studied and analysed. The objective of this book is a step in that
direction though not ignoring the conventional and well-established approaches.
Wherever possible the overall technique used for this series will be "definition by example" withgeneric formulae included for use in other applications. To make stability analysis easy we will usemore than one tool from our toolbox with data sheet information, tricks, rules-of-thumb, SPICESimulation, and real-world testing all accelerating our design of stable operational amplifier (op amp)circuits. These tools are specifically targeted at voltage feedback op amps with unity-gain bandwidths<20 MHz, although many of the techniques are applicable to any voltage feedback op amp. 20 MHz ischosen because as we increase to higher bandwidth circuits there are other major factors in closing theloop: such as parasitic capacitances on PCBs, parasitic inductances in capacitors, parasitic inductancesand capacitances in resistors, etc. Most of the rules-of-thumb and techniques were developed not justfrom theory but from the actual building of real-world circuits with op amps <20 MHz.
Abstract: Transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) are widely used to translate the current output of sensors like photodiode-to-voltagesignals, since several circuits and instruments can only accept voltage input. An operational amplifier with a feedback resistor fromoutput to the inverting input is the most straightforward implementation of such a TIA. However, even this simple TIA circuit requirescareful trade-offs among noise gain, offset voltage, bandwidth, and stability. Clearly stability in a TIA is essential for good, reliableperformance. This application note explains the empirical calculations for assessing stability and then shows how to fine-tune theselection of the feedback phase-compensation capacitor.
Who has never experienced oscillations issues when using an operational amplifier? Opampsare often used in a simple voltage follower configuration. However, this is not the bestconfiguration in terms of capacitive loading and potential risk of oscillations.Capacitive loads have a big impact on the stability of operational amplifier-basedapplications. Several compensation methods exist to stabilize a standard op-amp. Thisapplication note describes the most common ones, which can be used in most cases.The general theory of each compensation method is explained, and based on this, specific
精確度0.05%滿刻度±1位數（Accuracy 0.05%F.S.±1digit） 可測量交直流電流/交直流電壓/電位計/傳送器/Pt-100/荷重元/電阻等信號（Measuring DCA/DCV/ACA/ACV/Potentiometer/Transmitter/Pt-100/Load Cell/Resistor/etc……） 顯示范圍0-19999可任意規劃（Programmable rate 0 to 1999 digit） 小數點可任意規劃（Decimal point can be modified） 尺寸小，穩定性高（Dimension small & High stability）
特點（FEATURES） 精確度0.1%滿刻度（Accuracy 0.1%F.S.） 多種輸入輸出選擇（Wide selection of input/output range） 三線式接線自動補償線路阻抗效應（3 wire configuration automatically compensate line resistance effects） 寬范圍交直流兩用電源設計（Wide input range for auxiliary power） 尺寸小，穩定性高（Dimension small & High stability）
特點（FEATURES） 精確度0.1%滿刻度（Accuracy 0.1%F.S.） 寬輸入范圍200ohm 至 50Kohm（Wide inpuet ranges from 200ohm to 50Kohm） 多種輸入輸出選擇（Wide selection of input/output range） 輸入與輸出1/輸出2絕緣耐壓 2仟伏特/1分鐘（Dielectric strength 2KVac/1min.（input/output1/output2）） 寬范圍交直流兩用電源設計（Wide input range for auxiliary power） 尺寸小，穩定性高（Dimension small & High stability）
特點（FEATURES） 精確度0.1%滿刻度（Accuracy 0.1%F.S.） 多種輸入輸出選擇（Wide selection of input/output range） 輸入與輸出1/輸出2絕緣耐壓 2仟伏特/1分鐘（Dielectric strength 2KVac/1min.（input/output1/output2）） 寬范圍交直流兩用電源設計（Wide input range for auxiliary power） 尺寸小，穩定性高（Dimension small & High stability）
特點（FEATURES） 精確度0.03%滿刻度（Accuracy 0.03%F.S.） 頻率輸入范圍0.01Hz至80KHz（Input range from 0.01 Hz to 80KHz） 16 BIT 隔離類比輸出（16 bit DAC isolating analog output） 輸入與輸出1/輸出2絕緣耐壓 2仟伏特/1分鐘（Dielectric strength 2KVac/1min.（input/output1/output2）） 寬范圍交直流兩用電源設計（Wide input range for auxiliary power） 尺寸小，穩定性高（Dimension small & High stability）
