Recently millimeter-wave bands have been postu-
lated as a means to accommodate the foreseen extreme bandwidth
demands in vehicular communications, which result from the
dissemination of sensory data to nearby vehicles for enhanced
environmental awareness and improved safety level.
The first Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) networks were launched during 2002. By the end of 2005
there were 100 open WCDMA networks and a total of over 150 operators having
frequency licenses for WCDMA operation. Currently, the WCDMA networks are
deployedinUniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS)bandaround2GHz
in Europe and Asia including Japan and Korea. WCDMA in America is deployed in the
existing 850 and 1900 spectrum allocations while the new 3G band at 1700/2100 is
expected to be available in the near future. 3GPP has defined the WCDMA operation
also for several additional bands, which are expected to be taken into use during the
coming years.
Rapid growth of wireless communication services in recent decades has created
a huge demand of radio spectrum. Spectrum scarcity and utilization inefficiency
limit the development of wireless networks. Cognitive radio is a promising tech-
nology that allows secondary users to reuse the underutilized licensed spectrum of
primary users. The major challenge for spectrum sharing is to achieve high spectrum
efficiency while making non-intrusive access to the licensed bands. This requires in-
formation of availability and quality of channel resources at secondary transmitters,
however, is difficult to be obtained perfectly in practice.
Radio propagation measurements and channel modelling continue to be of fundamental importance
to radio system design. As new technology enables dynamic spectrum access and higher data rates,
radio propagation effects such as shadowing, the presence of multipath and frequency dispersion
are the limiting factors in the design of wireless communication systems. While there are several
books covering the topic of radio propagation in various frequency bands, there appears to be no
books on radio propagation measurements, which this book addresses at length.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology enables high data-rate short-range communica-
tion, in excess of hundredmegabit-per-secondsand up to multi-gigabit-per-seconds,
over a wide spectrum of frequencies, while keeping power consumption at low lev-
els. This low power operation results in a less-interfering co-existence with other
existed communication technologies (e.g., UNII bands).
In addition to carrying a huge amount of data over a distance of up to 230 feet
at very low power (less than 0.5mW), the UWB signal has the ability to penetrate
through the doors and other obstacles that tend to reflect signals at more limited
bandwidths and higher power densities.
In this thesis several asp ects of space-time pro cessing and equalization for wire-
less communications are treated. We discuss several di?erent metho ds of improv-
ing estimates of space-time channels, such as temp oral parametrization, spatial
parametrization, reduced rank channel estimation, b o otstrap channel estimation,
and joint estimation of an FIR channel and an AR noise mo del. In wireless commu-
nication the signal is often sub ject to intersymb ol interference as well as interfer-
ence from other users.
The radio spectrum is one of the most precious resources which must be managed
to ensure efficient access for the wireless communication services which use it. The
allocation and management of spectrum are administered by the regulatory
authorities. Traditionally, spectrum allocation is carried out exclusively of its use in
large geographic areas and assigning frequency bands to specific users or service
providers is proved to be inefficient. Recently, substantial knowledge about
dynamic spectrum access scheme has been accumulated to enable efficient spectrum
sharing.
The advent of modern wireless devices, such as smart phones and MID 1 terminals,
has revolutionized the way people think of personal connectivity. Such devices
encompass multiple applications ranging from voice and video to high-speed data
transfer via wireless networks. The voracious appetite of twenty-first century users
for supporting more wireless applications on a single device is ever increasing.
These devices employ multiple radios and modems that cover multiple frequency
bands and multiple standards with a manifold of wireless applications often running
simultaneously.
ESD is a crucial factor for integrated circuits and influences their quality and reliability.
Today increasingly sensitive processes with deep sub micron structures are developed. The
integration of more and more functionality on a single chip and saving of chip area is
required. Integrated circuits become more susceptible to ESD/EOS related damages.
However, the requirements on ESD robustness especially for automotive applications are
increasing. ESD failures are very often the reason for redesigns. Much research has been
conducted by semiconductor manufacturers on ESD robust design.
The term “ smart grid ” defi nes a self - healing network equipped with dynamic optimiza-
tion techniques that use real - time measurements to minimize network losses, maintain
voltage levels, increase reliability, and improve asset management. The operational data
collected by the smart grid and its sub - systems will allow system operators to rapidly
identify the best strategy to secure against attacks, vulnerability, and so on, caused by
various contingencies. However, the smart grid fi rst depends upon identifying and
researching key performance measures, designing and testing appropriate tools, and
developing the proper education curriculum to equip current and future personnel with
the knowledge and skills for deployment of this highly advanced system.
