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  • 信號放大電路

    2-1 何謂測量放大電路?對其基本要求是什么? 在測量控制系統中,用來放大傳感器輸出的微弱電壓,電流或電荷信號的放大電路稱為測量放大電路,亦稱儀用放大電路。對其基本要求是:①輸入阻抗應與傳感器輸出阻抗相匹配;②一定的放大倍數和穩定的增益;③低噪聲;④低的輸入失調電壓和輸入失調電流以及低的漂移;⑤足夠的帶寬和轉換速率(無畸變的放大瞬態信號);⑥高輸入共模范圍(如達幾百伏)和高共模抑制比;⑦可調的閉環增益;⑧線性好、精度高;⑨成本低。   2-2 圖2-2a所示斬波穩零放大電路中,為什么采用高、低頻兩個通道,即R3、C3組成的高頻通道和調制、解調、交流放大器組成的低頻通道? 采用高頻通道是為了使斬波穩零放大電路能在較寬的頻率范圍內工作,而采用低頻通道則能對微弱的直流或緩慢變化的信號進行低漂移和高精度的放大。   2-3 請參照圖2-3,根據手冊中LF347和CD4066的連接圖(即引腳圖),將集成運算放大器LF347和集成模擬開關CD4066接成自動調零放大電路。 LF347和CD4066接成的自動調零放大電路如圖X2-1。

    標簽: 信號放大電路

    上傳時間: 2013-10-09

    上傳用戶:ysjing

  • 模塊電源功能性參數指標及測試方法

      模塊電源的電氣性能是通過一系列測試來呈現的,下列為一般的功能性測試項目,詳細說明如下: 電源調整率(Line Regulation) 負載調整率(Load Regulation) 綜合調整率(Conmine Regulation) 輸出漣波及雜訊(Ripple & Noise) 輸入功率及效率(Input Power, Efficiency) 動態負載或暫態負載(Dynamic or Transient Response) 起動(Set-Up)及保持(Hold-Up)時間 常規功能(Functions)測試 1. 電源調整率   電源調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓變化時提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下:于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩定后,分別于低輸入電壓(Min),正常輸入電壓(Normal),及高輸入電壓(Max)下測量并記錄其輸出電壓值。 電源調整率通常以一正常之固定負載(Nominal Load)下,由輸入電壓變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率(deviation)的百分比,如下列公式所示:   [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 2. 負載調整率   負載調整率的定義為開關電源于輸出負載電流變化時,提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下:于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩定后,測量正常負載下之輸出電壓值,再分別于輕載(Min)、重載(Max)負載下,測量并記錄其輸出電壓值(分別為Vo(max)與Vo(min)),負載調整率通常以正常之固定輸入電壓下,由負載電流變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率的百分比,如下列公式所示:   [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal)    3. 綜合調整率   綜合調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化時,提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。這是電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合,此項測試系為上述電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合,可提供對電源供應器于改變輸入電壓與負載狀況下更正確的性能驗證。 綜合調整率用下列方式表示:于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化下,其輸出電壓之偏差量須于規定之上下限電壓范圍內(即輸出電壓之上下限絕對值以內)或某一百分比界限內。 4. 輸出雜訊   輸出雜訊(PARD)系指于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流均不變的情況下,其平均直流輸出電壓上的周期性與隨機性偏差量的電壓值。輸出雜訊是表示在經過穩壓及濾波后的直流輸出電壓上所有不需要的交流和噪聲部份(包含低頻之50/60Hz電源倍頻信號、高于20 KHz之高頻切換信號及其諧波,再與其它之隨機性信號所組成)),通常以mVp-p峰對峰值電壓為單位來表示。   一般的開關電源的規格均以輸出直流輸出電壓的1%以內為輸出雜訊之規格,其頻寬為20Hz到20MHz。電源實際工作時最惡劣的狀況(如輸出負載電流最大、輸入電源電壓最低等),若電源供應器在惡劣環境狀況下,其輸出直流電壓加上雜訊后之輸出瞬時電壓,仍能夠維持穩定的輸出電壓不超過輸出高低電壓界限情形,否則將可能會導致電源電壓超過或低于邏輯電路(如TTL電路)之承受電源電壓而誤動作,進一步造成死機現象。   同時測量電路必須有良好的隔離處理及阻抗匹配,為避免導線上產生不必要的干擾、振鈴和駐波,一般都采用雙同軸電纜并以50Ω于其端點上,并使用差動式量測方法(可避免地回路之雜訊電流),來獲得正確的測量結果。 5. 輸入功率與效率   電源供應器的輸入功率之定義為以下之公式:   TRUE Power = Pav(watt) = Vrms x Arms x Power Factor 即為對一周期內其輸入電壓與電流乘積之積分值,需注意的是Watt≠VrmsArms而是Watt=VrmsArmsxP.F.,其中P.F.為功率因素(Power Factor),通常無功率因素校正電路電源供應器的功率因素在0.6~0.7左右,其功率因素為1~0之間。   電源供應器的效率之定義為為輸出直流功率之總和與輸入功率之比值。效率提供對電源供應器正確工作的驗證,若效率超過規定范圍,即表示設計或零件材料上有問題,效率太低時會導致散熱增加而影響其使用壽命。 6. 動態負載或暫態負載   一個定電壓輸出的電源,于設計中具備反饋控制回路,能夠將其輸出電壓連續不斷地維持穩定的輸出電壓。由于實際上反饋控制回路有一定的頻寬,因此限制了電源供應器對負載電流變化時的反應。若控制回路輸入與輸出之相移于增益(Unity Gain)為1時,超過180度,則電源供應器之輸出便會呈現不穩定、失控或振蕩之現象。實際上,電源供應器工作時的負載電流也是動態變化的,而不是始終維持不變(例如硬盤、軟驅、CPU或RAM動作等),因此動態負載測試對電源供應器而言是極為重要的。可編程序電子負載可用來模擬電源供應器實際工作時最惡劣的負載情況,如負載電流迅速上升、下降之斜率、周期等,若電源供應器在惡劣負載狀況下,仍能夠維持穩定的輸出電壓不產生過高激(Overshoot)或過低(Undershoot)情形,否則會導致電源之輸出電壓超過負載組件(如TTL電路其輸出瞬時電壓應介于4.75V至5.25V之間,才不致引起TTL邏輯電路之誤動作)之承受電源電壓而誤動作,進一步造成死機現象。 7. 啟動時間與保持時間   啟動時間為電源供應器從輸入接上電源起到其輸出電壓上升到穩壓范圍內為止的時間,以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例,啟動時間為從電源開機起到輸出電壓達到4.75V為止的時間。   保持時間為電源供應器從輸入切斷電源起到其輸出電壓下降到穩壓范圍外為止的時間,以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例,保持時間為從關機起到輸出電壓低于4.75V為止的時間,一般值為17ms或20ms以上,以避免電力公司供電中于少了半周或一周之狀況下而受影響。    8. 其它 在電源具備一些特定保護功能的前提下,還需要進行保護功能測試,如過電壓保護(OVP)測試、短路保護測試、過功保護等

    標簽: 模塊電源 參數 指標 測試方法

    上傳時間: 2013-10-22

    上傳用戶:zouxinwang

  • 電能計量和安全性的智能電網

    Abstract: It may sound trite, but it is definitely TRUE: the smart grid has the potential to completely transform the energyindustry. However, smart meters and grid management alone will not ensure the success of the smart grid. Unliketraditional IT networks, smart grids require consideration of energy measurement and security. To completely optimize thistechnology, smart grid designs must focus on energy measurement and security. This tutorial considers the benefits ofboth energy measurement and security and how they make machine-to-machine networks different from traditional IT.

    標簽: 電能計量 安全性 智能電網

    上傳時間: 2013-10-29

    上傳用戶:皇族傳媒

  • 太陽能電池板電池充電技術手冊

      Advances in low power electronics now allow placementof battery-powered sensors and other devices in locationsfar from the power grid. Ideally, for TRUE grid independence,the batteries should not need replacement, but instead berecharged using locally available renewable energy, suchas solar power. This Design Note shows how to producea compact battery charger that operates from a small2-cell solar panel. A unique feature of this design is thatthe DC/DC converter uses power point control to extractmaximum power from the solar panel.

    標簽: 太陽能電池板 電池充電 技術手冊

    上傳時間: 2014-01-20

    上傳用戶:wettetw

  • ADC Oversampling Techniques fo

    Luminary Micro provides an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module on some members of theStellaris microcontroller family. The hardware resolution of the ADC is 10 bits; however, due to noiseand other accuracy-diminishing factors, the TRUE accuracy is less than 10 bits. This application noteprovides a software-based oversampling technique, resulting in an improved Effective Number OfBits (ENOB) in the conversion result. This document describes methods of oversampling an inputsignal, and the impact on precision and overall system performance.

    標簽: Oversampling Techniques ADC fo

    上傳時間: 2013-12-17

    上傳用戶:zhyiroy

  • 狀態機設計

    狀態機設計:8.1.1 數據類型定義語句TYPE語句的用法如下:TYPE 數據類型名IS 數據類型定義OF 基本數據類型;或TYPE 數據類型名IS 數據類型定義;TYPE st1 IS ARRAY ( 0 TO 15 ) OF STD_LOGIC ;TYPE week IS (sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat) ; 8.1.1 數據類型定義語句TYPE m_state IS ( st0,st1,st2,st3,st4,st5 ) ;SIGNAL present_state,next_state : m_state ;TYPE BOOLEAN IS (FALSE,TRUE) ;TYPE my_logic IS ( '1' ,'Z' ,'U' ,'0' ) ;SIGNAL s1 : my_logic ;s1 <= 'Z' ;SUBTYPE 子類型名IS 基本數據類型RANGE 約束范圍;SUBTYPE digits IS INTEGER RANGE 0 to 9 ;

    標簽: 狀態

    上傳時間: 2013-11-05

    上傳用戶:nem567397

  • I2C slave routines for the 87L

    The 87LPC76X Microcontroller combines in a small package thebenefits of a high-performance microcontroller with on-boardhardware supporting the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus interface.The 87LPC76X can be programmed both as an I2C bus master, aslave, or both. An overview of the I2C bus and description of the bussupport hardware in the 87LPC76X microcontrollers appears inapplication note AN464, Using the 87LPC76X Microcontroller as anI2C Bus Master. That application note includes a programmingexample, demonstrating a bus-master code. Here we show anexample of programming the microcontroller as an I2C slave.The code listing demonstrates communications routines for the87LPC76X as a slave on the I2C bus. It compliments the program inAN464 which demonstrates the 87LPC76X as an I2C bus master.One may demonstrate two 87LPC76X devices communicating witheach other on the I2C bus, using the AN464 code in one, and theprogram presented here in the other. The examples presented hereand in AN464 allow the 87LPC76X to be either a master or a slave,but not both. Switching between master and slave roles in amultimaster environment is described in application note AN435.The software for a slave on the bus is relatively simple, as theprocessor plays a relatively passive role. It does not initiate bustransfers on its own, but responds to a master initiating thecommunications. This is TRUE whether the slave receives or transmitsdata—transmission takes place only as a response to a busmaster’s request. The slave does not have to worry about arbitrationor about devices which do not acknowledge their address. As theslave is not supposed to take control of the bus, we do not demandit to resolve bus exceptions or “hangups”. If the bus becomesinactive the processor simply withdraws, not interfering with themaster (or masters) on the bus which should (hopefully) try toresolve the situation.

    標簽: routines slave I2C 87L

    上傳時間: 2013-11-19

    上傳用戶:shirleyYim

  • 16 16點陣顯示漢字原理及顯示程序

    16 16點陣顯示漢字原理及顯示程序 #include "config.h" #define                DOTLED_LINE_PORT        PORTB #define                DOTLED_LINE_DDR                DDRB #define                DOTLED_LINE_PIN                PINB #define                DOTLED_LINE_SCKT        PB1 #define                DOTLED_LINE_SCKH        PB5 #define                DOTLED_LINE_SDA                PB3 #define                DOTLED_ROW_PORT                PORTC #define                DOTLED_ROW_DDR                DDRC #define                DOTLED_ROW_PIN                PINC #define                DOTLED_ROW_A0                PC0 #define                DOTLED_ROW_A1                PC1 #define                DOTLED_ROW_A2                PC2 #define                DOTLED_ROW_A3                PC3 #define                DOTLED_ROW_E                PC4 uint8 font[] = { /*--  調入了一幅圖像:這是您新建的圖像  --*/ /*--  寬度x高度=16x16  --*/ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x08,0x38,0x18,0x44,0x08,0x44,0x08,0x04,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x10, 0x08,0x20,0x08,0x40,0x08,0x40,0x08,0x40,0x3E,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 }; static void TransmitByte(uint8 byte); static void SelectRow(uint8 row); static void FlipLatchLine(void); static void TransmitByte(uint8 byte) {         uint8 i;                  for(i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++)         {                 if(byte & (1 << i))                 {                         DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA);                 }                 else                 {                         DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA);                 }                 //__delay_cycles(100);                 DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH);                 //__delay_cycles(100);                 DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH);                 //__delay_cycles(100);         } } static void SelectRow(uint8 row) {           //row -= 1;         row |= DOTLED_ROW_PIN & 0xe0;         DOTLED_ROW_PORT = row; } static void FlipLatchLine(void) {         DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT);         DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT); } void InitDotLedPort(void) {         DOTLED_LINE_PORT &= ~(_BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH));         DOTLED_LINE_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA);         DOTLED_LINE_DDR |= _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKT) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SCKH) | _BV(DOTLED_LINE_SDA);                  DOTLED_ROW_PORT |= 0x1f;         DOTLED_ROW_PORT &= 0xf0;         DOTLED_ROW_DDR |= 0x1f; } void EnableRow(boolean IsEnable) {         if(IsEnable)         {                 DOTLED_ROW_PORT &= ~_BV(DOTLED_ROW_E);         }         else         {                 DOTLED_ROW_PORT |= _BV(DOTLED_ROW_E);         } } void PrintDotLed(uint8 * buffer) {         uint8 i , tmp;                  for(i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++)         {                 tmp = *buffer ++;                 TransmitByte(~tmp);                 tmp = *buffer ++;                 TransmitByte(~tmp);                 SelectRow(i);                 FlipLatchLine();         } } void main(void) {         InitDotLedPort();                  EnableRow(TRUE);                  while(1)         {                 PrintDotLed(font);                 __delay_cycles(5000);         }          } //---------------------------------------------------- config.h文件 #ifndef        _CONFIG_H #define        _CONFIG_H //#define                GCCAVR #define                CPU_CYCLES        7372800L #ifndef                GCCAVR #define                _BV(bit)        (1 << (bit)) #endif #define                MSB                0x80 #define                LSB                0x01 #define                FALSE                0 #define                TRUE                1 typedef                unsigned char        uint8; typedef                unsigned int        uint16; typedef                unsigned long        uint32; typedef                unsigned char        boolean; #include <ioavr.h> #include <inavr.h> #include "dotled.h" #endif //-----

    標簽: 16 點陣顯示 漢字 顯示程序

    上傳時間: 2013-11-18

    上傳用戶:mnacyf

  • I2C總線驅動程序

    1 /**————————————————————2 〖說明〗I2C總線驅動程序(用兩個普通IO模擬I2C總線)3 包括100Khz(T=10us)的標準模式(慢速模式)選擇,4 和400Khz(T=2.5us)的快速模式選擇,5 默認11.0592Mhz的晶振。6 〖文件〗PCF8563T.C ﹫2001/11/2 77 〖作者〗龍嘯九天 c51@yeah.net http://www.c51bbs.co /8 〖修改〗修改建議請到論壇公布 http://www.c51bbs.co m9 〖版本〗V1.00A Build 080310 —————————————————————*/1112 #ifndef SDA13 #define SDA P0_014 #define SCL P0_115 #endif1617 extern uchar SystemError;1819 #define uchar unsigned char20 #define uint unsigned int21 #define Byte unsigned char22 #define Word unsigned int23 #define bool bit24 #define TRUE 125 #define false 02627 #define SomeNOP(); _nop_();_nop_();_nop_();_nop_();2829 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 調用方式:void I2CStart(void) ﹫2001/07/0 431 函數說明:私有函數,I2C專用32 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/33 void I2CStart(void)34 {35 EA=0;36 SDA=1; SCL=1; SomeNOP();//INI37 SDA=0; SomeNOP(); //START38 SCL=0;39 }4041 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 調用方式:void I2CStop(void) ﹫2001/07/0 443 函數說明:私有函數,I2C專用44 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/45 void I2CStop(void)46 {47 SCL=0; SDA=0; SomeNOP(); //INI48 SCL=1; SomeNOP(); SDA=1; //STOP49 EA=1;50 }5152 /**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 調用方式:bit I2CAck(void) ﹫2001/07/0 454 函數說明:私有函數,I2C專用,等待從器件接收方的應答55 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/56 bool WaitAck(void)57 {58 uchar errtime=255;//因故障接收方無ACK,超時值為255。59 SDA=1;SomeNOP();60 SCL=1;SomeNOP();61 while(SDA) {errtime--; if (!errtime) {I2CStop();SystemError=0x11;return false;}}62 SCL=0;63 return TRUE;

    標簽: I2C 總線 驅動程序

    上傳時間: 2014-04-11

    上傳用戶:xg262122

  • 實現Oracle客戶端和Oracle服務器中間轉發的Java源代碼.*注:使Window下Oracle數據和偵聽端口共享

    實現Oracle客戶端和Oracle服務器中間轉發的Java源代碼.*注:使Window下Oracle數據和偵聽端口共享,需要在注冊HOME0表中加USE_SHARED_SOCKET=TRUE即可

    標簽: Oracle Window Java 服務器

    上傳時間: 2013-12-19

    上傳用戶:小碼農lz

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