Since the 1990s the EU has been pursuing climate change mitigation targets. Following the
international commitment to the legally binding greenhouse gas reduction under the Kyoto
Protocol, the 2020 policy package consists of a set of binding legislation to ensure that the EU
meets its climate and energy targets for the year 2020. The package sets three key targets: 20%
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels), 20% of EU energy from renewables (as
well as a 10% target for renewable fuels) and 20% improvement in energy efficiency. The targets
were set by EU leaders in 2007 and enacted in legislation in 2009 3 . They are also headline targets of
the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
HIS IS THE THIRD —and most likely the last—book
in the series on information technology for
energy managers and web based energy infor-
mation and control systems. This book concentrates on
web based enterprise energy and building automation
systems, and serves as a capstone volume in this series.
The thrust here is that the highest level functions of a
building and facility automation system are provided
by a web based EIS/ECS system that provides energy
management, maintenance management, overall facility
operational management, and ties in with the enterprise
resource management system for the entire facility or
the group of facilities being managed. If there were ever
to be a fourth volume in this series, it would follow
the logical progression of the first three volumes, and
would probably be titled Web Based Enterprise Resource
Management Systems.
We are in the era of ubiquitous computing in which the use and development of Radio Frequency Iden-
tification (RFID) is becoming more widespread. RFID systems have three main components: readers,
tags, and database. An RFID tag is composed of a small microchip, limited logical functionality, and an
antenna. Most common tags are passive and harvest energy from a nearby RFID reader. This energy is
used both to energize the chip and send the answer back to the reader request. The tag provides a unique
identifier (or an anonymized version of that), which allows the unequivocal identification of the tag
holder (i.e. person, animal, or items).
In this new edition of the book, only minor changes were made to the original
nine chapters but three new chapters treat topics of increasing interest to GPS
users and equipment developers. One topic, improving the GPS receiver sensi-
tivity may extend their operations into buildings, which is becoming important
for emergency rescue and urban warfare.
A kinematically redundant manipulator is a serial robotic arm that has more
independently driven joints than are necessary to define the desired pose (position
and orientation) of its end-effector. With this definition, any planar manipulator (a
manipulator whose end-effector motion is restrained in a plane) with more than
three joints is a redundant manipulator. Also, a manipulator whose end-effector can
accept aspatialposeisaredundant manipulator ifithas morethan sixindependently
driven joints. For example, the manipulator shown in Fig. 1.1 has two 7-DOF arms
mounted on a torso with three degrees of freedom (DOFs). This provides 10 DOFs
for each arm. Since the end-effector of each arm can have a spatial motion with six
DOFs, the arms are redundant.
Machine learning is about designing algorithms that automatically extract
valuable information from data. The emphasis here is on “automatic”, i.e.,
machine learning is concerned about general-purpose methodologies that
can be applied to many datasets, while producing something that is mean-
ingful. There are three concepts that are at the core of machine learning:
data, a model, and learning.
This paper presents a new type of electromagnetic damper with rotating inertial mass that has been devel
oped to control the vibrations of structures subjected to earthquakes. The electromagnetic inertial mass
damper (EIMD) consists of a ball screw that converts axial oscillation of the rod end into rotational motion
of the internal flflywheel and an electric generator that is turned by the rotation of the inner rod. The EIMD is
able to generate a large inertial force created by the rotating flflywheel and a variable damping force devel
oped by the electric generator. Device performance tests of reduced-scale and full-scale EIMDs were under
taken to verify the basic characteristics of the damper and the validity of the derived theoretical formulae.
Shaking table tests of a three-story structure with EIMDs and earthquake response analyses of a building
with EIMDs were conducted to demonstrate the seismic response control performance of the EIMD. The
EIMD is able to reduce story drifts as well as accelerations and surpasses conventional types of dampers
in reducing acceleration responses.
The PW2601 is a charger front-end integrated circuit designed to provide protection to Li-ionbatteries from failures of charging circuitry. The device monitors the input voltage, battery voltageand the charging current to make sure all three parameters are operated in normal range. Thedevice will switch off internal MOSFET to disconnect IN to OUT to protect load when any of inputvoltage, output current exceeds the threshold. The Over temperature protection (OTP) functionmonitors chip temperature to protect the device. The PW2601 also can protect the system’sbattery from being over charged by monitors the battery voltage continuously. The deviceoperates like a linear regulator, maintaining a 5.1V output with input voltages up to the input overvoltage threshold.The PW2601 is available in DFN-2x2-8L package. Standard products are Pb-free and Halogenfree
InGaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor lasers come in threetypes: VCSELs and two types of EELs. The VCSEL, asits name implies, emits vertically, normal to the planeof the device, owing to cavity mirrors grown withinthe epitaxial material itself. The VCSEL’s circular beamhas a numerical aperture (NA) of roughly 0.2, or a fullangle of approximately 25 degrees.
