an approach for capturing similarity between words that was concerned with the syntactic similarity of two strings. Today we are back to discuss another approach that is more concerned with the meaning of words. Semantic similarity is a confidence score that reflects the semantic relation between the meanings of two sentences. It is difficult to gain a high accuracy score because the exact semantic meanings are completely understood only in a particular context.
In the previous article, we presented an approach for capturing similarity between words that was concerned with the syntactic similarity of two strings. Today we are back to discuss another approach that is more concerned with the meaning of words. Semantic similarity is a confidence score that reflects the semantic relation between the meanings of two sentences. It is difficult to gain a high accuracy score because the exact semantic meanings are completely understood only in a particular context.
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With the advent of multimedia, digital signal processing (DSP) of sound has emerged from the shadow of bandwidth-limited speech processing. Today, the main appli- cations of audio DSP are high quality audio coding and the digital generation and manipulation of music signals. They share common research topics including percep- tual measurement techniques and analysis/synthesis methods. Smaller but nonetheless very important topics are hearing aids using signal processing technology and hardware architectures for digital signal processing of audio. In all these areas the last decade has seen a significant amount of application oriented research.
A few short years ago, the applications for
video were somewhat confined—analog was
used for broadcast and cable television, VCRs,
set-top boxes, televisions and camcorders.
Since then, there has been a tremendous and
rapid conversion to digital video, mostly based
on the MPEG-2 video compression standard.
Today, in addition to the legacy DV,
MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 audio and video com-
pression standards, there are three new high-
performance video compression standards.
These new video codecs offer much higher
video compression for a given level of video
quality.
Java is the first language to provide a cross-platform I/O library that is powerful enough to handle all these diverse tasks. Java is the first programming language with a modern, object-oriented approach to input and output. Java s I/O model is more powerful and more suited to real-world tasks than any other major language used Today. Java I/O is the first and still the only book to fully expose the power and sophistication of this library.
Introduction
Computer security is undeniably important, and as new vulnerabilities are discovered and
exploited, the perceived need for new security solutions grows. "Trusted computing"
initiatives propose to solve some of Today s security problems through hardware changes
to the personal computer. Changing hardware design isn t inherently suspicious, but the
leading trusted computing proposals have a high cost: they provide security to users
while giving third parties the power to enforce policies on users computers against the
users wishes -- they let others pressure you to hand some control over your PC to
someone else. This is a "feature" ready-made for abuse by software authors who want to
anticompetitively choke off rival software.
It needn t be this way: a straightforward change to the plans of trusted computing vendors
could leave the security benefits intact while ensuring that a PC owner s
It can be argued that the current free-software movement is the most important
thing happening in computing Today. We are in the midst of a major shift from
all software being proprietary and closely held by individual companies to a large
body of software that can be freely acquired and used by anyone for any purpose.
Free software now includes not only programming language compilers and linkers,
but numerous utilities, graphical user interface environments, and even entire
operating systems.
The use of hardware description languages (HDLs) is becoming
increasingly common for designing and verifying FPGA designs.
Behavior level description not only increases design productivity, but also
provides unique advantages for design verification. The most dominant
HDLs Today are Verilog and VHDL. This application note illustrates the
use of Verilog in the design and verification of a digital UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter).
Java has become a confusing world. Five years ago, there were few decisions to make once
you started programming in Java—you used AWT for graphical user interfaces, sockets for
network programming, and hacked together everything else you needed. Since then, though,
the APIs available for the Java language have grown, and grown. . . and grown. Now you can
dabble in Swing, servlets, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), JavaMail, and more. Additionally,
there are now packages of APIs, like the Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) and Java 2 Enterprise
Edition (J2EE). While these packages seem to be nicely wrapped bundles of useful APIs, they
don t help the average developer figure out how to piece together the APIs contained in these
packages. Though it s simple to find documentation on the individual APIs, getting the "big
picture" is difficult, at best. One of the most interesting, but difficult, aspects of Java Today is
building Java enterprise applications using the J2EE package.
