Rapid growth of wireless communication services in recent decades has created
a huge demand of radio spectrum. Spectrum scarcity and utilization inefficiency
limit the development of wireless networks. Cognitive radio is a promising tech-
nology that allows secondary users to reuse the underutilized licensed spectrum of
primary users. The major challenge for spectrum sharing is to achieve high spectrum
efficiency while making non-intrusive access to the licensed bands. This requires in-
formation of availability and quality of channel resources at secondary transmitters,
however, is difficult to be obtained perfectly in practice.
This book is an outgrowth of the pioneering development work done by InterDigital Com-
munication Corporation in 3rd Generation TDD WCDMA Technology. Many engineers
and managers were involved in this development, which spanned a wide range of tech-
nology areas, including system architecture, radio interface, radio modem design, radio
resource management and hardware/software implementation. In addition, TDD WCDMA
technology had many direct and indirect contributors across the globe in the context of
the development of the 3GPP TDD WCDMA Standard.
In the present era, low observability is one of the critical requirements in aerospace
sector, especially related to defense. The stealth technology essentially relates to
shaping and usage of radar absorbing materials (RAM) or radar absorbing struc-
tures (RAS). The performance of such radar cross section (RCS) reduction tech-
niques is limited by the bandwidth constraints, payload requirements, and other
structural issues. Moreover, with advancement of materials science, the structure
geometry no longer remains key decisive factor toward stealth.
District energy (DE) systems use central heating and/or cooling facilities to provide
heating and/or cooling services for communities. The advantages of district energy
over conventional heating and cooling include improved efficiency, reliability and
safety, reduced environmental impact, and for many situations better economics.
DE systems can be particularly beneficial when integrated with cogeneration plants
for electricity and heat, i.e., with combined heat and power (CHP) plants. One of
the main impediments to increased use of cogeneration-based district energy is a
lack of understanding of the behavior of integrated forms of such systems. This
book is aimed at providing information on district energy and cogeneration tech-
nologies, as well as systems that combine them.
Recent years have seen a rapid development of neural network control tech-
niques and their successful applications. Numerous simulation studies and
actual industrial implementations show that artificial neural network is a good
candidate for function approximation and control system design in solving the
control problems of complex nonlinear systems in the presence of different kinds
of uncertainties. Many control approaches/methods, reporting inventions and
control applications within the fields of adaptive control, neural control and
fuzzy systems, have been published in various books, journals and conference
proceedings.
全文將用一個貫穿始終的例子來說明如何繪制版圖。這個例子繪制的是一個最簡單的非門的版圖。S2-1建立版圖文件使用library manager.首先，建立一個新的庫myLib，關于建立庫的步驟，在前文介紹cdsSpice時已經說得很清楚了，就不再贅述。與前面有些不同的地方是：由于我們要建立的是一個版圖文件，因此我們在technology file選項中必須選擇compile a new tech file，或是attach to an exsiting tech file。這里由于我們要新建一個tech file，因此選擇前者。這時會彈出load tech file的對話框，如圖2-1-1所示。在ASCII Technology File中填入csmclo0.tf即可。接著就可以建立名為inv的cel了。為了完備起見，讀者可以先建立inv的schematic view和symbol view（具體步驟前面已經介紹，其中pmos長6u，寬為0.6u。nmos長為3u，寬為0.6u。model仍然選擇hj3p和hj3n）。然后建立其layout view，其步驟為：在tool中選擇virtuoso-layout，然后點擊ok。
