This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have
accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is
changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to
market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant
competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs.
Introduction
The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in
cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas
around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such
as those used in petrochemical plants.
The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing
safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was
developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries.
In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the
particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include
process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC
62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation.
圖Figure 1. Local Safety System
This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have
accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is
changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to
market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant
competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs.
Introduction
The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in
cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas
around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such
as those used in petrochemical plants.
The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing
safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was
developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries.
In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the
particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include
process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC
62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation.
圖Figure 1. Local Safety System
The second edition of WiMax Operator鈥檚 Manual includes most of the material from the first
edition, plus new discussions of
鈥?The ultra-high-speed mobile telephone standard, HSDPA
鈥?Ultrawideband (UWB)
鈥?Changes to DSL technologies
鈥?Mobile voice
鈥?Mobile entertainment
鈥?New backup systems
The new edition also reflects the changes that have occurred in the industry over the last year and half, including the emergence of restandards wireless broadband equipment with fully developed mobile capabilities, ignificant alterations in the competitive landscape, and he opening of valuable new spectrum for roadband wireless operators.
Fortran has always been the principal language used in the fields of scientific,
numerical, and engineering programming, and a series of revisions to the standard
defining successive versions of the language has progressively enhanced its power
and kept it competitive with several generations of rivals.
Beginning in 1978, the technical committee responsible for the development
of Fortran standards, X3J3 (now called J3), laboured to produce a new, much-
needed modern version of the language, Fortran 90. Its purpose is to "promote
portability, reliability, maintainability, and efficient execution... on a variety of
computing systems". The standard was published in 1991, and work began in
1993 on a minor revision, known informally as Fortran 95. Now this revised
In 2005, when the world crossed-over to Web 2.0, business professionals and managers in
every industry – from traditional retail to high tech media and telecom – felt the first powerful
tremors of the strategic shifts taking place, sweeping away traditional business models and
altering competitive landscapes.
