Switched systems are embedded devices widespread in industrial
applications such as power electronics and automotive control. They
consist of continuous-time dynamical subsystems and a rule that
controls the switching between them. Under a suitable control rule, the
system can improve its steady-state performance and meet essential
properties, such as safety and stability, in desirable operating zones.
My association with the theory of controls in continuous time started during my studies at
the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 1974 as an undergraduate student
in the Controls and Power program. The initial introduction by Professors Kesavamurthy,
Y. P. Singh, and Rajagopalan laid the foundation for a good basic understanding of the
subject matter. This pursuit and further advanced study in the field of digital controls
continued during my days as a graduate student in the Electrical and Systems Engineering
Department at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, from 1983 to 1988.
There exist two essentially different approaches to the study of dynamical systems, based on
the following distinction:
time-continuous nonlinear differential equations ? time-discrete maps
One approach starts from time-continuous differential equations and leads to time-discrete
maps, which are obtained from them by a suitable discretization of time. This path is
pursued, e.g., in the book by Strogatz [Str94]. 1 The other approach starts from the study of
time-discrete maps and then gradually builds up to time-continuous differential equations,
see, e.g., [Ott93, All97, Dev89, Has03, Rob95]. After a short motivation in terms of nonlinear
differential equations, for the rest of this course we shall follow the latter route to dynamical
systems theory. This allows a generally more simple way of introducing the important
concepts, which can usually be carried over to a more complex and physically realistic
context.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a big field, and this is a big book. We have tried to explore the
full breadth of the field, which encompasses logic, probability, and continuous mathematics;
perception, reasoning, learning, and action; and everything from microelectronic devices to
robotic planetary explorers. The book is also big because we go into some depth.
The subtitle of this book is “A Modern Approach.” The intended meaning of this rather
empty phrase is that we have tried to synthesize what is now known into a common frame-
work, rather than trying to explain each subfield of AI in its own historical context. We
apologize to those whose subfields are, as a result, less recognizable.
PW2330 develops a high efficiency synchronous step down DC-DC converter capable of delivering3A output current. PW2330 operates over a wide input voltage range from 4.5V to 30V andintegrates main switch and synchronous switch with very low RDS(ON) to minimize the conductionloss. PW2330 adopts the proprietary instant PWM architecture to achieve fast transient responsesfor high step down applications and high efficiency at light loads. In addition, it operates atpseudo-constant frequency of 500kHz under continuous conduction mode to minimize the size ofinductor and capacitor
PW2205 develops a high efficiency synchronous step-down DC-DC converter capable of delivering5A output current. PW2205 operates over a wide input voltage range from 4.5V to 30V andintegrates main switch and synchronous switch with very low RDS(ON) to minimize the conductionloss.PW2205 adopts the instant PWM architecture to achieve fast transient responses for high step downapplications and high efficiency at light loads. In addition, it operates at pseudo-constant frequencyof 500kHz under continuous conduction mode to minimize the size of inductor and capacitor
The PW2163D is a high frequency, synchronous, rectified, step-down, switch-mode converter withinternal powerMOSFETs. It offers a very compact solution to provide a 3A continuous current over awide input supply range,with excellent load and line regulation.The PW2163D requires a minimal number of readily available, external components and is availablein a spacesaving SOT23-6 package
介紹一種萬能模擬信號(hào)輸入采集電路,可以同時(shí)支持電壓、電流、熱電偶、熱電阻等常見的工業(yè)類型信號(hào),方便后級(jí)電路的測(cè)量。該研究成果通過不斷優(yōu)化和完善,已成功應(yīng)用到了中控儀表的新產(chǎn)品中。The paper introduces a collection circuit of universal signal input. The circuit support voltage, current, thermocouple, thermal resistance and other common industrial type signal. The research results, which has been continuous optimized and improved, has been successfully applied to the new production of Zhejiang Supcon Instrument Co., Ltd.
