設(shè)計(jì)了水聲信號(hào)發(fā)生系統(tǒng)中的功率放大電路，可將前級(jí)電路產(chǎn)生的方波信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為正弦信號(hào)，同時(shí)進(jìn)行濾波、功率放大，使其滿足換能器對(duì)輸入信號(hào)的要求。該電路以單片機(jī)AT89C52，集成6階巴特沃思低通濾波芯片MF6以及大功率運(yùn)算放大器LM12為核心，通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)RS232接口與PC進(jìn)行通信，實(shí)現(xiàn)信號(hào)增益的程控調(diào)節(jié)，對(duì)干擾信號(hào)具有良好的抑制作用。經(jīng)調(diào)試該電路工作穩(wěn)定正常，輸出波形無失真，在輸出功率以及放大增益、波紋系數(shù)等方面均滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。
This paper presented a design and implementation of underwater acoustic power amplifer. This circuit converted the rectangle signal generated by frontend circuit into the sine signal， then filtered and power amplification， it meets the requirements of the transducer.Included AT89C52， 6th order Butterworth filter MF6， hipower amplififier LM12.Communication with PC through the RS232 port. The signal gain is adjustable and could be remote controlled. It has a good inhibitory effect on the interference signal. After debugged， this circuit works stable， the output waveform has no distortion， it meets the design requirement in outprt power， amplifier gain and ripple factor.
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡(jiǎn)述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡(jiǎn)稱THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法，專用于無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測(cè)無心罐形磁心及線圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測(cè)量時(shí)，所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝， （線架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作，其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬(wàn)和 100 萬(wàn)的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國(guó)外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬(wàn)為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
Abstract: Rail splitting is creating an artificial virtual ground as a reference voltage. It is used to set the signalto match the op amp's "sweet spot." An op amp has the most linear- and distortion-free qualities at that sweetspot. Typically, the sweet spot occurs near the center between the single power rail and ground. In the case ofa number of signals, the virtual ground can control channel DC errors when multiplexing or switching thesignals.
為了使音頻信號(hào)分析儀小巧可靠，成本低廉，設(shè)計(jì)了以2片MSP430F1611單片機(jī)為核心的系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)將音頻信號(hào)送入八階巴特沃茲低通濾波器，對(duì)信號(hào)進(jìn)行限幅放大、衰減、電平位移、緩沖，并利用一單片機(jī)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)前級(jí)處理后的模擬信號(hào)進(jìn)行采樣，將采集得到的音頻信號(hào)進(jìn)行4 096點(diǎn)基2的FFT計(jì)算，并對(duì)信號(hào)加窗函數(shù)提高分辨率，另一單片機(jī)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)信號(hào)的分析及控制顯示設(shè)備。此設(shè)計(jì)精確的測(cè)量了音頻信號(hào)的功率譜、周期性、失真度指標(biāo)，達(dá)到較高的頻率分辨率，并能將測(cè)量結(jié)果通過紅外遙控器顯示在液晶屏上。
Abstract:
o make the audio signal analyzer cheaper， smaller and more reliable， this system sends the audio signal to the eight-order butterworth filter， and then amplifies， attenuates， buffers it in a limiting range， transfers the voltage level of the signal before utilizing two MSP430F1611 MCU to realize the audio analysis. One is charged for sampling and dealing with the processed audio signal collected by the 4096 point radix-2 FFT calculation and imposes the window function to improve the frequency resolution. The other one controls the display and realizes the spectrum， periodicity， power distortion analysis in high resolution which is displayed in the LCD screen through the infrared remote control.
在航電系統(tǒng)維護(hù)過程中，為解決定位故障的效率和降低維修成本等問題，提出了基于ICD（Interface Control Document，接口控制文件）的1553B總線的信息監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)模型。該系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)采集卡對(duì)總線中傳輸?shù)男盘?hào)有無失真、偏差等電氣特性進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，并使用1553B通訊卡通過測(cè)控軟件LabWindows/CVI編程與ICD數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接，實(shí)現(xiàn)總線信息的解析和故障的判斷。與傳統(tǒng)的維護(hù)過程相比，這種模型能夠從信號(hào)的電氣特性以及信息的解析等全方位的去檢測(cè)判斷故障的來源，并且能夠廣泛在其他1553B總線系統(tǒng)內(nèi)擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用。驗(yàn)證表明該監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)可以對(duì)總線信息進(jìn)行快速有效地監(jiān)測(cè)分析，能滿足應(yīng)用需求。
Abstract: In the process of avionics system maintenance， to solve the problems such as improving the efficiency of fast orientation to troubles and reducing maintenance cost， system of 1553B bus information monitor model based on ICD was proposed. The system observed whether the data which transmitted on the bus appear distortion and deviation by using data acquisition card. And using 1553B communication card programming of the measure software LabWindows/CVI and the dynamic linking of ICD database， message analysis and fault estimation could be realized. Compared with traditional maintenance， this model can all-dimensionally detect and analyze the source of faults from both electrical characteristics of the signal and message analysis， and it can be widely applied in the other 1553B system. Experiment shown that this monitor system can effectively detect and analyze the bus message and can meet the application requirements.
在現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)中，電話語(yǔ)音的頻帶被限制在300 Hz～4 kHz的范圍內(nèi)，帶來了語(yǔ)音可懂度和自然度的降低。為了在不增加額外成本的前提下提高語(yǔ)音的可懂度和自然度，進(jìn)行了電話語(yǔ)音頻帶擴(kuò)展的研究。提出了一種改進(jìn)的基于碼本映射的語(yǔ)音帶寬擴(kuò)展算法：在碼本映射的過程中，使用加權(quán)系數(shù)來得到映射碼本。客觀測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，用此算法得到的寬帶語(yǔ)音的譜失真度比用一般的碼本映射降低至少2%。主觀測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，用此算法得到的寬帶語(yǔ)音具有更好的可懂度和自然度。
Abstract:
In modern communication systems， the bandwidth of telephone speech is limited from 300Hz to 4 kHz， which reduces the intelligibility and naturalness of speech. Telephone speech bandwidth extension is researched to get wideband speech and to improve its intelligibility and naturalness， without increasing extra costs. This paper put forward an improved algorithm of speech bandwidth extension based on codebook mapping. In the process of codebook mapping， weighted coefficients were used to get mapping codebook. Objective tests show that spectral distortion of wideband speech obtained by this algorithm reduces at least 2%， comparing to conditional codebook mapping. Subjective tests show that the wideband speech obtained by this algorithm has better intelligibility and naturalness.
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡(jiǎn)述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡(jiǎn)稱THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法，專用于無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測(cè)無心罐形磁心及線圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測(cè)量時(shí)，所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝， （線架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作，其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬(wàn)和 100 萬(wàn)的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國(guó)外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬(wàn)為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
Accurate measurement of the third order intercept pointfor low distortion IC products such as the LT5514 requirescertain precautions to be observed in the test setup andtesting procedure. The LT5514 linearity performance ishigh enough to push the test equipment and test set-up totheir limits. A method for accurate measurement of thirdorder intermodulation products, IM3, with standard testequipment is outlined below.It is also important to correctly interpret the LT5514specification with respect to ROUT, and the impact ofdemo-board transmission-line termination loss whenevaluating the linearity performance, as explained in theLT5514 Datasheet and in Note 1 of this document.
Carrier-phase synchronization can be approached in a
general manner by estimating the multiplicative distortion (MD) to which
a baseband received signal in an RF or coherent optical transmission
system is subjected. This paper presents a unified modeling and
estimation of the MD in finite-alphabet digital communication systems. A
simple form of MD is the camer phase exp GO) which has to be estimated
and compensated for in a coherent receiver. A more general case with
fading must, however, allow for amplitude as well as phase variations of
the MD.
We assume a state-variable model for the MD and generally obtain a
nonlinear estimation problem with additional randomly-varying system
parameters such as received signal power, frequency offset, and Doppler
spread. An extended Kalman filter is then applied as a near-optimal
solution to the adaptive MD and channel parameter estimation problem.
Examples are given to show the use and some advantages of this scheme.
ClustanGraphics聚類分析工具。提供了11種聚類算法。
Single Linkage (or Minimum Method, Nearest Neighbor)
Complete Linkage (or Maximum Method, Furthest Neighbor)
Average Linkage (UPGMA)
Weighted Average Linkage (WPGMA)
Mean Proximity
Centroid (UPGMC)
Median (WPGMC)
Increase in Sum of Squares (Ward s Method)
Sum of Squares
Flexible (ß space distortion parameter)
Density (or k-linkage, density-seeking mode analysis)
