We simulate uncoded BER of BPSK modulated
data as a function of SNR
-in an AWGN channel
-in a Rayleigh fading channel
-in an AWGN channel when direct sequence spreading
is used
and compare results to the theoretical ones.
We assume coherent receiver and perfect
synchronization.
In 揚(yáng)erformance of multi-carrier DS CDMA Systems?we apply a multi-carrier signaling technique to a direct-sequence CDMA system, where a data sequence multiplied by a spreading sequence modulates multiple carriers, rather than a single carrier. The receiver provides a correlator for each carrier, and the outputs of the correlators are combined with a maximal-ratio combiner. This type of signaling has the desirable properties of exhibiting a narrowband interference suppression effect, along with robustness to fading, without requiring the use of either an explicit RAKE structure or an interference suppression filter.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are a promising energy-storage technology due to their relatively low cost and high theoretical energy density. However, one of their major technical problems is the shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Here, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF)-based battery separator to mitigate the shuttling problem. We show that the MOF-based separator acts as an ionic sieve in lithium–sulfur batteries, which selectively sieves Li+ ions while e ciently suppressing undesired polysulfides migrating to the anode side. When a sulfur-containing mesoporous carbon material (approximately 70 wt% sulfur content) is used as a cathode composite without elaborate synthesis or surface modification, a lithium–sulfur battery with a MOF-based separator exhibits a low capacity decay rate (0.019% per cycle over 1,500 cycles). Moreover, there is almost no capacity fading after the initial 100 cycles. Our approach demonstrates the potential for MOF-based materials as separators for energy-storage applications.
Regardless of the branch of science or engineering, theoreticians have always
been enamored with the notion of expressing their results in the form of
closed-form expressions. Quite often, the elegance of the closed-form solution
is overshadowed by the complexity of its form and the difficulty in evaluating
it numerically. In such instances, one becomes motivated to search instead for
a solution that is simple in form and simple to evaluate.
Regardless of the branch of science or engineering, theoreticians have always been
enamored with the notion of expressing their results in the form of closed-form
expressions. Quite often the elegance of the closed-form solution is overshadowed
by the complexity of its form and the difficulty in evaluating it numerically. In
such instances, one becomes motivated to search instead for a solution that is
simple in form and likewise simple to evaluate.
