In this paper we revisit hybrid analog-digital precoding systems with emphasis on their modelling
and radio-frequency (RF) losses, to realistically evaluate their benefits in 5G system implementations.
For this, we decompose the analog beamforming networks (ABFN) as a bank of commonly used RF
components and formulate realistic model constraints based on their S-parameters. Specifically, we
concentrate on fully-connected ABFN (FC-ABFN) and Butler networks for implementing the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) in the RF domain. The results presented in this paper reveal that the performance
and energy efficiency of hybrid precoding systems are severely affected, once practical factors are
considered in the overall design. In this context, we also show that Butler RF networks are capable of
providing better performances than FC-ABFN for systems with a large number of RF chains.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been shown to be
an effective technique to combat multipath fading in wireless channels. It
has been and is going to be used in various wireless communication systems.
This book gives a comprehensive introduction on the theory and practice of
OFDM for wireless communications.
There is an unprecedented enthusiasm for radio frequency
identification (RFID) technologies today. RFID is based on the
exchange of information carried by electromagnetic waves between a
label, or tag, and a reader. This technology is currently in full
economic expansion, which has manifested itself in widely backed
research activities, some of which will be examined in this book.
Control Systems Engineering is an exciting and challenging field and is a
multidisciplinary subject. This book is designed and organized around the concepts of control
systems engineering using MATLAB, as they have been developed in the frequency and time
domain for an introductory undergraduate or graduate course in control systems for engineer-
ing students of all disciplines.
HRVAS is a complete and self-contained heart rate variability analysis software (HRVAS) package. HRVAS offers several preprocessing options. HRVAS offers time-domeain, freq-domain, time-frequency, and nonlinear HRV analysis. All results can be exported to an Excel file. For processing many files HRVAS offers a bach processing feature. All settings/options can be saved to a .mat file and reloaded for future HRV analysis. Upon starting HRVAS all previously used settings/options are loaded.
射頻識(shí)別(Radio Frequency Identification，RFID)是一種允許非接觸式數(shù)據(jù)采集的自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)。其中工作在超高頻(Ultra High Frequency，UHF)頻段的無(wú)源RFID系統(tǒng)，由于在物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理等領(lǐng)域的潛在應(yīng)用，近年來(lái)得到了人們的廣泛關(guān)注。這種系統(tǒng)所使用的無(wú)源標(biāo)簽具有識(shí)別距離長(zhǎng)、體積小、成本低廉等突出特點(diǎn)。目前在市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)了各種品牌型號(hào)的UHF RFID無(wú)源標(biāo)簽，由于不同品牌型號(hào)的標(biāo)簽在設(shè)計(jì)與制造工藝上的差異，這些標(biāo)簽在性能表現(xiàn)上各不相同，這就給終端用戶選擇合適自己應(yīng)用的標(biāo)簽帶來(lái)了困難。RFID基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試就是在實(shí)際部署RFID系統(tǒng)前對(duì)RFID標(biāo)簽的性能進(jìn)行科學(xué)評(píng)估的有效手段。然而為了在常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下得到準(zhǔn)確公正的測(cè)試結(jié)果，需要對(duì)基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試的性能指標(biāo)及測(cè)試方法學(xué)開展進(jìn)一步的研究。本文正是研究符合EPC Class1 Gen2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的RFID標(biāo)簽基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試。 本文首先分析了當(dāng)前廣泛應(yīng)用的超高頻無(wú)源RFID標(biāo)簽基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試性能指標(biāo)與測(cè)試方法上的局限性與不足之處。例如，在真實(shí)的應(yīng)用環(huán)境中，由于受到各種環(huán)境因素的影響，對(duì)同一品牌型號(hào)的標(biāo)簽，很難得到一致的識(shí)讀距離測(cè)試結(jié)果。另外，在某些測(cè)試場(chǎng)景中，使用識(shí)讀速率作為測(cè)試指標(biāo)，所得到的測(cè)試結(jié)果數(shù)值非常接近，以致分辨度不足以區(qū)分不同品牌型號(hào)標(biāo)簽的性能差異。在這些分析基礎(chǔ)上，本文把路徑損耗引入了RFID基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試，通過(guò)有限點(diǎn)的測(cè)量與數(shù)據(jù)擬合分別得到不同類型標(biāo)簽的路徑損耗方程，結(jié)合讀寫器天線的輻射方向圖，進(jìn)一步得到各種標(biāo)簽受限于讀寫器接收靈敏度的覆蓋區(qū)域。無(wú)源標(biāo)簽由于其被動(dòng)式能量獲取方式，其實(shí)際工作區(qū)域仍然受限于前向鏈路。本文通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試出這些標(biāo)簽的最小激活功率后，得出了各種標(biāo)簽在一定讀寫器發(fā)射功率下的激活區(qū)域。完成這些步驟后，根據(jù)這兩種區(qū)域的交集可以確定標(biāo)簽的工作區(qū)域，從而進(jìn)行標(biāo)簽間的比較并達(dá)到基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試的目的，并能找出限制標(biāo)簽工作范圍的瓶頸。 本文最后從功率損耗的角度研究了標(biāo)簽之間的相互干擾，為用戶在密集部署RFID標(biāo)簽的場(chǎng)景中設(shè)置標(biāo)簽之間的最小間隔距離具有重要的參考意義。
