When thinking about mobile radio engineers there is a tendency to
assume that the engineering function relates solely to the technical
aspects of the network, such as the equipment design or the network
design. That is certainly a key part of the role of a mobile radio engineer.
However,increasinglyengineersarerequiredtointeractwithprofession-
als from other divisions. The “complete wireless professional” should
know about mobile networks; fixed networks; other types of mobile
systems; regulatory and government policy; the requirements of the
users; and financial, legal, and marketing issues.
Mobile radio communications are evolving from pure telephony systems to multimedia
platforms offering a variety of services ranging from simple file transfers and audio and
video streaming, to interactive applications and positioning tasks. Naturally, these services
have different constraints concerning data rate, delay, and reliability (quality-of-service
(QoS)). Hence, future mobile radio systems have to provide a large flexibility and scal-
ability to match these heterogeneous requirements.
This text, ESD Basics: From Semiconductor Manufacturing to Product Use was initiated on
the need to produce a text that addresses fundamentals of electrostatic discharge from the
manufacturing environment to today’s products. As the manufacturing world evolves, semi-
conductor networks scale, and systems are changing, the needs and requirements for reliabi-
lity and ESD protection are changing. A text is required that connects basic ESD phenomena
to today’s real world environment.
ESD is a crucial factor for integrated circuits and influences their quality and reliability.
Today increasingly sensitive processes with deep sub micron structures are developed. The
integration of more and more functionality on a single chip and saving of chip area is
required. Integrated circuits become more susceptible to ESD/EOS related damages.
However, the requirements on ESD robustness especially for automotive applications are
increasing. ESD failures are very often the reason for redesigns. Much research has been
conducted by semiconductor manufacturers on ESD robust design.
In the present era, low observability is one of the critical requirements in aerospace
sector, especially related to defense. The stealth technology essentially relates to
shaping and usage of radar absorbing materials (RAM) or radar absorbing struc-
tures (RAS). The performance of such radar cross section (RCS) reduction tech-
niques is limited by the bandwidth constraints, payload requirements, and other
structural issues. Moreover, with advancement of materials science, the structure
geometry no longer remains key decisive factor toward stealth.
The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) is a non-profit making organization which publishes guidelines,
requirements documents, white papers, vision papers, test plans and other documents concerning
broadband equipment and services which are deployed in the home.
This book is written for engineers involved in the operation, control, and
planning of electric power systems. In addition, the book provides information and
tools for researchers working in the fields of power system security and stability. The
book consists of two volumes. The first volume provides traditional techniques for the
stability analysis of large scale power systems. In addition, an overview of the main
drivers and requirements for modernization of the traditional methods for online
applications are discussed. The second volume provides techniques for online security
assessment and corrective action studies. In addition, the impact of variable generation
on the security of power systems is considered in the second volume. The first volume
may be considered as a background builder while the second volume is intended for
the coverage of edge techniques and methods for online dynamic security studies.
Electric distribution networks are critical parts of power delivery systems. In recent
years, many new technologies and distributed energy resources have been inte-
grated into these networks. To provide electricity at the possible lowest cost and at
required quality, long-term planning is essential for these networks. In distribution
planning, optimal location and size of necessary upgrades are determined to satisfy
the demand and the technical requirements of the loads and to tackle uncertainties
associated with load and distributed energy resources.
Since the original publication of Manual 74 in 1991, and the preceding
“Guidelines for Transmission Line Structural Loading” in 1984, the
understanding of structural loadings on transmission line structures has
broadened signifi cantly. However, improvements in computational capa-
bility have enabled the transmission line engineer to more easily deter-
mine structural loadings without properly understanding the parameters
that affect these loads. Many seasoned professionals have expressed
concern for the apparent lack of recent information on the topic of struc-
tural loadings as new engineers enter this industry. The Committee on
Electrical Transmission Structures is charged with the responsibility to
report, evaluate, and provide loading requirements of transmission struc-
tures. This task committee was therefore formed to update and revise the
1991 manual.
It has been over a decade since the Chinese publication of Line Loss in Electric Power Systems. To keep pace
with technological developments, I started a revision as early as 2002, following the main principles that the
theoretical framework and characteristics of the first edition should be retained, with new contents added
according to new problems after the reform of electric power systems and the new requirements for line loss
management practices and in combination with practical experience.
