This book provides the essential design techniques for radio systems that
operate at frequencies of 3 MHz to 100 GHz and which will be employed in
the telecommunication service. We may also call these wireless systems,
wireless being synonymous with radio, telecommunications is a vibrant indus-
try, particularly on the ‘‘radio side of the house.’’ The major supporter of this
upsurge in radio has been the IEEE and its 802 committees. We now devote
? . an entire chapter to wireless LANs WLANs detailed in IEEE 802.11. We
also now have subsections on IEEE 802.15, 802.16, 802.20 and the wireless
? . ? metropolitan area network WMAN . WiFi, WiMax,, and UWB ultra wide-
. band are described where these comparatively new radio specialties are
demonstrating spectacular growth.
The first edition of this book was published in 1992. Nine years later it had become
clear that a second edition was required because of the rapidly changing nature of
telecommunication. In 1992, the Internet was in existence but it was not the
household word that it is in the year 2001. Cellular telephones were also in use
but they had not yet achieved the popularity that they enjoy today. In the current
edition, Chapter 1 has been revised to include a section on the Internet. Chapter 10 is
new and it covers the facsimile machine; I had overlooked this important tele-
communication device in the first edition. Chapter 11 is also new and it describes the
pager, the cordless telephone and the cellular telephone system. These are examples
of a growing trend in telecommunications to go ‘‘wireless’’.
Intensive development of digital technologies coincided in time with the beginning
of the new era in telecommunications. It made possible to formalize many proce-
dures of data exchange and to atomize some operations which made providing of
serviceandmakeworkofmanytelecommunicationworkersmucheasier. Somenew
telecommunication technologies were born out of the necessity for use of specific
configurations of network elements and networks, as well as for a possibility of
providing maximum characteristics of efficiency combined with high requirements
to the stability of operation, the overcoming of different catastrophic situations and
deadlockconditions,such as failuresand ”pending”of the networkandthe like. The
thresholdbetweeninformationsystems andtelecommunicationsystems has become
practically invisible. It resulted in such a new term as ”infocommunication”
telecommunication, satellite links and set-top boxes allrequire tuning a high frequency oscillator. The actualtuning element is a varactor diode, a 2-terminal device thatchanges capacitance as a function of reverse bias voltage.1 The oscillator is part of a frequency synthesizingloop, as detailed in Figure 1. A phase locked loop (PLL)compares a divided down representation of the oscillatorwith a frequency reference. The PLL’s output is levelshifted to provide the high voltage necessary to bias thevaractor, which closes a feedback loop by voltage tuningthe oscillator. This loop forces the voltage controlledoscillator (VCO) to operate at a frequency determined bythe frequency reference and the divider’s division ratio.
DIGITAL IMAGERY is pervasive in our world today. Consequently,
standards for the efficient representation and
interchange of digital images are essential. To date, some of
the most successful still image compression standards have resulted
from the ongoing work of the Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG). This group operates under the auspices of Joint
Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1
(JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1), a collaborative effort between the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International
telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITUT).
Both the JPEG [1–3] and JPEG-LS [4–6] standards were
born from the work of the JPEG committee. For the last few
years, the JPEG committee has been working towards the establishment
of a new standard known as JPEG 2000 (i.e., ISO/IEC
15444). The fruits of these labors are now coming to bear, as
JPEG-2000 Part 1 (i.e., ISO/IEC 15444-1 [7]) has recently been
approved as a new international standard.
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is a popular and widely-used device for data communication
in the field of telecommunication. There are different versions of UARTs in the industry.
