上下文無(wú)關(guān)文法（Context-Free Grammar, CFG）是一個(gè)4元組G=(V, T, S, P)，其中，V和T是不相交的有限集，S∈V，P是一組有限的產(chǎn)生式規(guī)則集，形如A→α，其中A∈V，且α∈(V∪T)*。V的元素稱(chēng)為非終結(jié)符，T的元素稱(chēng)為終結(jié)符，S是一個(gè)特殊的非終結(jié)符，稱(chēng)為文法開(kāi)始符。
設(shè)G=(V, T, S, P)是一個(gè)CFG，則G產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言是所有可由G產(chǎn)生的字符串組成的集合，即L(G)={x∈T* | Sx}。一個(gè)語(yǔ)言L是上下文無(wú)關(guān)語(yǔ)言（Context-Free Language, CFL），當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)存在一個(gè)CFG G，使得L=L(G)。 *⇒
例如，設(shè)文法G：S→AB
A→aA|a
B→bB|b
則L(G)={a^nb^m | n,m>=1}
其中非終結(jié)符都是大寫(xiě)字母，開(kāi)始符都是S，終結(jié)符都是小寫(xiě)字母。
標(biāo)簽：
Context-Free
Grammar
CFG
上傳時(shí)間：
2013-12-10
上傳用戶(hù)：gaojiao1999
We have a group of N items (represented by integers from 1 to N), and we know that there is some total order defined for these items. You may assume that no two elements will be equal (for all a, b: a<b or b<a). However, it is expensive to compare two items. Your task is to make a number of comparisons, and then output the sorted order. The cost of determining if a < b is given by the bth integer of element a of costs (space delimited), which is the same as the ath integer of element b. Naturally, you will be judged on the total cost of the comparisons you make before outputting the sorted order. If your order is incorrect, you will receive a 0. Otherwise, your score will be opt/cost, where opt is the best cost anyone has achieved and cost is the total cost of the comparisons you make (so your score for a test case will be between 0 and 1). Your score for the problem will simply be the sum of your scores for the individual test cases.
標(biāo)簽：
represented
integers
group
items
上傳時(shí)間：
2016-01-17
上傳用戶(hù)：jeffery
