return -errno;

		*end = max - sizeof(vhd_footer_t);
		return 0;
	}

	err = vhd_end_of_headers(ctx, &max);
	if (err)
		return err;

	err = vhd_get_bat(ctx);
	if (err)
		return err;

	max >>= VHD_SECTOR_SHIFT;

	for (i = 0; i < ctx->bat.entries; i++) {
		blk = ctx->bat.bat[i];

		if (blk != DD_BLK_UNUSED) {
			blk += ctx->spb + ctx->bm_secs;
			max  = MAX(blk, max);
		}
	}

	*end = vhd_sectors_to_bytes(max);
	return 0;
}

uint32_t
vhd_time(time_t time)
{
	struct tm tm;
	time_t micro_epoch;

	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
	tm.tm_year   = 100;
	tm.tm_mon    = 0;
	tm.tm_mday   = 1;
	micro_epoch  = mktime(&tm);

	return (uint32_t)(time - micro_epoch);
}

/* 
 * Stringify the VHD timestamp for printing.
 * As with ctime_r, target must be >=26 bytes.
 */
size_t 
vhd_time_to_string(uint32_t timestamp, char *target)
{
	char *cr;
	struct tm tm;
	time_t t1, t2;

	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));

	/* VHD uses an epoch of 12:00AM, Jan 1, 2000.         */
	/* Need to adjust this to the expected epoch of 1970. */
	tm.tm_year  = 100;
	tm.tm_mon   = 0;
	tm.tm_mday  = 1;

	t1 = mktime(&tm);
	t2 = t1 + (time_t)timestamp;
	ctime_r(&t2, target);

	/* handle mad ctime_r newline appending. */
	if ((cr = strchr(target, '\n')) != NULL)
		*cr = '\0';

	return (strlen(target));
}

/*
 * nabbed from vhd specs.
 */
uint32_t
vhd_chs(uint64_t size)
{
	uint32_t secs, cylinders, heads, spt, cth;

	secs = secs_round_up_no_zero(size);

	if (secs > 65535 * 16 * 255)
		secs = 65535 * 16 * 255;

	if (secs >= 65535 * 16 * 63) {
		spt   = 255;
		cth   = secs / spt;
		heads = 16;
	} else {
		spt   = 17;
		cth   = secs / spt;
		heads = (cth + 1023) / 1024;

		if (heads < 4)
			heads = 4;

		if (cth >= (heads * 1024) || heads > 16) {
			spt   = 31;
			cth   = secs / spt;
			heads = 16;
		}

		if (cth >= heads * 1024) {
			spt   = 63;
			cth   = secs / spt;
			heads = 16;
		}
	}

	cylinders = cth / heads;

	return GEOM_ENCODE(cylinders, heads, spt);
}

int
vhd_get_footer(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_validate_footer(&ctx->footer))
		return 0;

	return vhd_read_footer(ctx, &ctx->footer);
}

int
vhd_get_header(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!vhd_validate_header(&ctx->header))
		return 0;

	return vhd_read_header(ctx, &ctx->header);
}

int
vhd_get_bat(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!vhd_validate_bat(&ctx->bat))
		return 0;

	vhd_put_bat(ctx);
	return vhd_read_bat(ctx, &ctx->bat);
}

int
vhd_get_batmap(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_has_batmap(ctx))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!vhd_validate_batmap(&ctx->batmap))
		return 0;

	vhd_put_batmap(ctx);
	return vhd_read_batmap(ctx, &ctx->batmap);
}

void
vhd_put_footer(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	memset(&ctx->footer, 0, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));
}

void
vhd_put_header(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	memset(&ctx->header, 0, sizeof(vhd_header_t));
}

void
vhd_put_bat(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx))
		return;

	free(ctx->bat.bat);
	memset(&ctx->bat, 0, sizeof(vhd_bat_t));
}

void
vhd_put_batmap(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx))
		return;

	if (!vhd_has_batmap(ctx))
		return;

	free(ctx->batmap.map);
	memset(&ctx->batmap, 0, sizeof(vhd_batmap_t));
}

/*
 * look for 511 byte footer at end of file
 */
int
vhd_read_short_footer(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_footer_t *footer)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;
	off64_t eof;

	buf = NULL;

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, 0, SEEK_END);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	eof = vhd_position(ctx);
	if (eof == (off64_t)-1) {
		err = -errno;
		goto out;
	}

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, eof - 511, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	err = posix_memalign((void **)&buf,
			     VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto out;
	}

	memset(buf, 0, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));

	/*
	 * expecting short read here
	 */
	vhd_read(ctx, buf, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));

	memcpy(footer, buf, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));

	vhd_footer_in(footer);
	err = vhd_validate_footer(footer);

out:
	if (err)
		VHDLOG("%s: failed reading short footer: %d\n",
		       ctx->file, err);
	free(buf);
	return err;
}

int
vhd_read_footer_at(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_footer_t *footer, off64_t off)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;

	buf = NULL;

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, off, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	err = posix_memalign((void **)&buf,
			     VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto out;
	}

	err = vhd_read(ctx, buf, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));
	if (err)
		goto out;

	memcpy(footer, buf, sizeof(vhd_footer_t));

	vhd_footer_in(footer);
	err = vhd_validate_footer(footer);

out:
	if (err)
		VHDLOG("%s: reading footer at 0x%08"PRIx64" failed: %d\n",
		       ctx->file, off, err);
	free(buf);
	return err;
}

int
vhd_read_footer(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_footer_t *footer)
{
	int err;
	off64_t off;

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, 0, SEEK_END);
	if (err)
		return err;

	off = vhd_position(ctx);
	if (off == (off64_t)-1)
		return -errno;

	err = vhd_read_footer_at(ctx, footer, off - 512);
	if (err != -EINVAL)
		return err;

	err = vhd_read_short_footer(ctx, footer);
	if (err != -EINVAL)
		return err;

	if (ctx->oflags & VHD_OPEN_STRICT)
		return -EINVAL;

	return vhd_read_footer_at(ctx, footer, 0);
}

int
vhd_read_header_at(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_header_t *header, off64_t off)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;

	buf = NULL;

	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx)) {
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, off, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto out;

	err = posix_memalign((void **)&buf,
			     VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, sizeof(vhd_header_t));
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto out;
	}

	err = vhd_read(ctx, buf, sizeof(vhd_header_t));
	if (err)
		goto out;

	memcpy(header, buf, sizeof(vhd_header_t));

	vhd_header_in(header);
	err = vhd_validate_header(header);

out:
	if (err)
		VHDLOG("%s: reading header at 0x%08"PRIx64" failed: %d\n",
		       ctx->file, off, err);
	free(buf);
	return err;
}

int
vhd_read_header(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_header_t *header)
{
	int err;
	off64_t off;

	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx)) {
		VHDLOG("%s is not dynamic!\n", ctx->file);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	off = ctx->footer.data_offset;
	return vhd_read_header_at(ctx, header, off);
}

int
vhd_read_bat(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_bat_t *bat)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;
	off64_t off;
	size_t size;

	buf  = NULL;

	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx)) {
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto fail;
	}

	off  = ctx->header.table_offset;
	size = vhd_bytes_padded(ctx->header.max_bat_size * sizeof(uint32_t));

	err  = posix_memalign((void **)&buf, VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, size);
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto fail;
	}

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, off, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	err = vhd_read(ctx, buf, size);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	bat->spb     = ctx->header.block_size >> VHD_SECTOR_SHIFT;
	bat->entries = ctx->header.max_bat_size;
	bat->bat     = (uint32_t *)buf;

	vhd_bat_in(bat);

	return 0;

fail:
	free(buf);
	memset(bat, 0, sizeof(vhd_bat_t));
	VHDLOG("%s: failed to read bat: %d\n", ctx->file, err);
	return err;
}

static int
vhd_read_batmap_header(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_batmap_t *batmap)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;
	off64_t off;
	size_t size;

	buf = NULL;

	err = vhd_batmap_header_offset(ctx, &off);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	err = vhd_seek(ctx, off, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	size = vhd_bytes_padded(sizeof(vhd_batmap_header_t));
	err  = posix_memalign((void **)&buf, VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, size);
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto fail;
	}

	err = vhd_read(ctx, buf, size);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	memcpy(&batmap->header, buf, sizeof(vhd_batmap_header_t));
	free(buf);
	buf = NULL;

	vhd_batmap_header_in(batmap);

	return 0;

fail:
	free(buf);
	memset(&batmap->header, 0, sizeof(vhd_batmap_header_t));
	VHDLOG("%s: failed to read batmap header: %d\n", ctx->file, err);
	return err;
}

static int
vhd_read_batmap_map(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_batmap_t *batmap)
{
	int err;
	char *buf;
	off64_t off;
	size_t map_size;

	map_size = vhd_sectors_to_bytes(batmap->header.batmap_size);

	err = posix_memalign((void **)&buf, VHD_SECTOR_SIZE, map_size);
	if (err) {
		buf = NULL;
		err = -err;
		goto fail;
	}

	off  = batmap->header.batmap_offset;
	err  = vhd_seek(ctx, off, SEEK_SET);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	err  = vhd_read(ctx, buf, map_size);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	batmap->map = buf;
	return 0;

fail:
	free(buf);
	batmap->map = NULL;
	VHDLOG("%s: failed to read batmap: %d\n", ctx->file, err);
	return err;
}

int
vhd_read_batmap(vhd_context_t *ctx, vhd_batmap_t *batmap)
{
	int err;

	if (!vhd_has_batmap(ctx))
		return -EINVAL;

	memset(batmap, 0, sizeof(vhd_batmap_t));

	err = vhd_read_batmap_header(ctx, batmap);
	if (err)
		return err;

	err = vhd_validate_batmap_header(batmap);
	if (err)
		return err;

	err = vhd_read_batmap_map(ctx, batmap);
	if (err)
		return err;

	err = vhd_validate_batmap(batmap);
	if (err)
		goto fail;

	return 0;

fail:
	free(batmap->map);
	memset(batmap, 0, sizeof(vhd_batmap_t));
	return err;
}

int
vhd_has_batmap(vhd_context_t *ctx)
{
	if (!vhd_type_dynamic(ctx))
		return 0;

	if (!vhd_creator_tapdisk(ctx))
		return 0;

	if (ctx->footer.crtr_ver <= VHD_VERSION(0, 1))
		return 0;

	if (ctx->footer.crtr_ver >= VHD_VERSION(1, 2))
		return 1;

	/*
	 * VHDs of version 1.1 probably have a batmap, but may not 
	 * if they were updated from version 0.1 via vhd-update.
	 */
	if (!vhd_validate_batmap_header(&ctx->batmap))
		return 1;

	if (vhd_read_batmap_header(ctx, &ctx->batmap))
		return 0;

	return (!vhd_validate_batmap_header(&ctx->batmap));
}

/* 
 * Is this a block device (with a fixed size)? This affects whether the file 
 * can be truncated and where the footer is written for VHDs.
 */
int
vhd_test_file_fixed(const char *file, int *is_block)
{
	int err;
	struct stat stats;

	err = stat(file, &stats);
	if (err == -1)
		return -errno;

	*is_block = !!(S_ISBLK(stats.st_mode));
	return err;
}

int
vhd_find_parent(vhd_context_t *ctx, const char *parent, char **_location)
{
	int err;
	char *location, *cpath, *cdir, *path;

	err        = 0;
	path       = NULL;
	cpath      = NULL;
	location   = NULL;
	*_location = NULL;

	if (!parent)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (parent[0] == '/') {
		if (!access(parent, R_OK)) {
			path = strdup(parent);
			if (!path)
				return -ENOMEM;
			*_location = path;
			return 0;
		}
	}

	/* check parent path relative to child's directory */
	cpath = realpath(ctx->file, NULL);
	if (!cpath) {
		err = -errno;
		goto out;
	}

	cdir = dirname(cpath);
	if (asprintf(&location, "%s/%s", cdir, parent) == -1) {
		err = -errno;
		location = NULL;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!access(location, R_OK)) {
		path = realpath(location, NULL);
		if (path) {
			*_location = path;
			return 0;
		}
	}
	err = -errno;

out:
	free(location);
	free(cpath);
	return err;
}

static int 
vhd_macx_encode_location(char *name, char **out, int *outlen)
{
	iconv_t cd;
	int len, err;
	size_t ibl, obl;
	char *uri, *urip, *uri_utf8, *uri_utf8p, *ret;

	err     = 0;
	ret     = NULL;
	*out    = NULL;
	*outlen = 0;
	len     = strlen(name) + strlen("file://");

	ibl     = len;
	obl     = len;

	uri = urip = malloc(ibl + 1);
	uri_utf8 = uri_utf8p = malloc(obl);

	if (!uri || !uri_utf8)
		return -ENOMEM;

	cd = iconv_open("UTF-8", "ASCII");
	if (cd == (iconv_t)-1) {
		err = -errno;
		goto out;
	}