現(xiàn)代的電子設(shè)計(jì)和芯片制造技術(shù)正在飛速發(fā)展，電子產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜度、時(shí)鐘和總線頻率等等都呈快速上升趨勢(shì)，但系統(tǒng)的電壓卻不斷在減小，所有的這一切加上產(chǎn)品投放市場(chǎng)的時(shí)間要求給設(shè)計(jì)師帶來(lái)了前所未有的巨大壓力。要想保證產(chǎn)品的一次性成功就必須能預(yù)見設(shè)計(jì)中可能出現(xiàn)的各種問(wèn)題，并及時(shí)給出合理的解決方案，對(duì)于高速的數(shù)字電路來(lái)說(shuō)，最令人頭大的莫過(guò)于如何確保瞬時(shí)跳變的數(shù)字信號(hào)通過(guò)較長(zhǎng)的一段傳輸線，還能完整地被接收，并保證良好的電磁兼容性，這就是目前頗受關(guān)注的信號(hào)完整性（SI）問(wèn)題。本章就是圍繞信號(hào)完整性的問(wèn)題，讓大家對(duì)高速電路有個(gè)基本的認(rèn)識(shí)，并介紹一些相關(guān)的基本概念。 第一章 高速數(shù)字電路概述.....................................................................................51.1 何為高速電路...............................................................................................51.2 高速帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題及設(shè)計(jì)流程剖析...............................................................61.3 相關(guān)的一些基本概念...................................................................................8第二章 傳輸線理論...............................................................................................122.1 分布式系統(tǒng)和集總電路.............................................................................122.2 傳輸線的RLCG 模型和電報(bào)方程...............................................................132.3 傳輸線的特征阻抗.....................................................................................142.3.1 特性阻抗的本質(zhì).................................................................................142.3.2 特征阻抗相關(guān)計(jì)算.............................................................................152.3.3 特性阻抗對(duì)信號(hào)完整性的影響.........................................................172.4 傳輸線電報(bào)方程及推導(dǎo).............................................................................182.5 趨膚效應(yīng)和集束效應(yīng).................................................................................232.6 信號(hào)的反射.................................................................................................252.6.1 反射機(jī)理和電報(bào)方程.........................................................................252.6.2 反射導(dǎo)致信號(hào)的失真問(wèn)題.................................................................302.6.2.1 過(guò)沖和下沖.....................................................................................302.6.2.2 振蕩：.............................................................................................312.6.3 反射的抑制和匹配.............................................................................342.6.3.1 串行匹配.........................................................................................352.6.3.1 并行匹配.........................................................................................362.6.3.3 差分線的匹配.................................................................................392.6.3.4 多負(fù)載的匹配.................................................................................41第三章 串?dāng)_的分析...............................................................................................423.1 串?dāng)_的基本概念.........................................................................................423.2 前向串?dāng)_和后向串?dāng)_.................................................................................433.3 后向串?dāng)_的反射.........................................................................................463.4 后向串?dāng)_的飽和.........................................................................................463.5 共模和差模電流對(duì)串?dāng)_的影響.................................................................483.6 連接器的串?dāng)_問(wèn)題.....................................................................................513.7 串?dāng)_的具體計(jì)算.........................................................................................543.8 避免串?dāng)_的措施.........................................................................................57第四章 EMI 抑制....................................................................................................604.1 EMI/EMC 的基本概念..................................................................................604.2 EMI 的產(chǎn)生..................................................................................................614.2.1 電壓瞬變.............................................................................................614.2.2 信號(hào)的回流.........................................................................................624.2.3 共模和差摸EMI ..................................................................................634.3 EMI 的控制..................................................................................................654.3.1 屏蔽.....................................................................................................654.3.1.1 電場(chǎng)屏蔽.........................................................................................654.3.1.2 磁場(chǎng)屏蔽.........................................................................................674.3.1.3 電磁場(chǎng)屏蔽.....................................................................................674.3.1.4 電磁屏蔽體和屏蔽效率.................................................................684.3.2 濾波.....................................................................................................714.3.2.1 去耦電容.........................................................................................714.3.2.3 磁性元件.........................................................................................734.3.3 接地.....................................................................................................744.4 PCB 設(shè)計(jì)中的EMI.......................................................................................754.4.1 傳輸線RLC 參數(shù)和EMI ........................................................................764.4.2 疊層設(shè)計(jì)抑制EMI ..............................................................................774.4.3 電容和接地過(guò)孔對(duì)回流的作用.........................................................784.4.4 布局和走線規(guī)則.................................................................................79第五章 電源完整性理論基礎(chǔ)...............................................................................825.1 電源噪聲的起因及危害.............................................................................825.2 電源阻抗設(shè)計(jì).............................................................................................855.3 同步開關(guān)噪聲分析.....................................................................................875.3.1 芯片內(nèi)部開關(guān)噪聲.............................................................................885.3.2 芯片外部開關(guān)噪聲.............................................................................895.3.3 等效電感衡量SSN ..............................................................................905.4 旁路電容的特性和應(yīng)用.............................................................................925.4.1 電容的頻率特性.................................................................................935.4.3 電容的介質(zhì)和封裝影響.....................................................................955.4.3 電容并聯(lián)特性及反諧振.....................................................................955.4.4 如何選擇電容.....................................................................................975.4.5 電容的擺放及Layout ........................................................................99第六章 系統(tǒng)時(shí)序.................................................................................................1006.1 普通時(shí)序系統(tǒng)...........................................................................................1006.1.1 時(shí)序參數(shù)的確定...............................................................................1016.1.2 時(shí)序約束條件...................................................................................1066.2 源同步時(shí)序系統(tǒng).......................................................................................1086.2.1 源同步系統(tǒng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)...................................................................1096.2.2 源同步時(shí)序要求...............................................................................110第七章 IBIS 模型................................................................................................1137.1 IBIS 模型的由來(lái)...................................................................................... 1137.2 IBIS 與SPICE 的比較.............................................................................. 1137.3 IBIS 模型的構(gòu)成...................................................................................... 1157.4 建立IBIS 模型......................................................................................... 1187.4 使用IBIS 模型......................................................................................... 1197.5 IBIS 相關(guān)工具及鏈接..............................................................................120第八章 高速設(shè)計(jì)理論在實(shí)際中的運(yùn)用.............................................................1228.1 疊層設(shè)計(jì)方案...........................................................................................1228.2 過(guò)孔對(duì)信號(hào)傳輸?shù)挠绊?..........................................................................1278.3 一般布局規(guī)則...........................................................................................1298.4 接地技術(shù)...................................................................................................1308.5 PCB 走線策略............................................................................................134
標(biāo)簽： 信號(hào)完整性
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-05-15
上傳用戶：dudu1210004
第一部分 信號(hào)完整性知識(shí)基礎(chǔ).................................................................................5第一章 高速數(shù)字電路概述.....................................................................................51.1 何為高速電路...............................................................................................51.2 高速帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題及設(shè)計(jì)流程剖析...............................................................61.3 相關(guān)的一些基本概念...................................................................................8第二章 傳輸線理論...............................................................................................122.1 分布式系統(tǒng)和集總電路.............................................................................122.2 傳輸線的RLCG 模型和電報(bào)方程...............................................................132.3 傳輸線的特征阻抗.....................................................................................142.3.1 特性阻抗的本質(zhì).................................................................................142.3.2 特征阻抗相關(guān)計(jì)算.............................................................................152.3.3 特性阻抗對(duì)信號(hào)完整性的影響.........................................................172.4 傳輸線電報(bào)方程及推導(dǎo).............................................................................182.5 趨膚效應(yīng)和集束效應(yīng).................................................................................232.6 信號(hào)的反射.................................................................................................252.6.1 反射機(jī)理和電報(bào)方程.........................................................................252.6.2 反射導(dǎo)致信號(hào)的失真問(wèn)題.................................................................302.6.2.1 過(guò)沖和下沖.....................................................................................302.6.2.2 振蕩：.............................................................................................312.6.3 反射的抑制和匹配.............................................................................342.6.3.1 串行匹配.........................................................................................352.6.3.1 并行匹配.........................................................................................362.6.3.3 差分線的匹配.................................................................................392.6.3.4 多負(fù)載的匹配.................................................................................41第三章 串?dāng)_的分析...............................................................................................423.1 串?dāng)_的基本概念.........................................................................................423.2 前向串?dāng)_和后向串?dāng)_.................................................................................433.3 后向串?dāng)_的反射.........................................................................................463.4 后向串?dāng)_的飽和.........................................................................................463.5 共模和差模電流對(duì)串?dāng)_的影響.................................................................483.6 連接器的串?dāng)_問(wèn)題.....................................................................................513.7 串?dāng)_的具體計(jì)算.........................................................................................543.8 避免串?dāng)_的措施.........................................................................................57第四章 EMI 抑制....................................................................................................604.1 EMI/EMC 的基本概念..................................................................................604.2 EMI 的產(chǎn)生..................................................................................................614.2.1 電壓瞬變.............................................................................................614.2.2 信號(hào)的回流.........................................................................................624.2.3 共模和差摸EMI ..................................................................................634.3 EMI 的控制..................................................................................................654.3.1 屏蔽.....................................................................................................654.3.1.1 電場(chǎng)屏蔽.........................................................................................654.3.1.2 磁場(chǎng)屏蔽.........................................................................................674.3.1.3 電磁場(chǎng)屏蔽.....................................................................................674.3.1.4 電磁屏蔽體和屏蔽效率.................................................................684.3.2 濾波.....................................................................................................714.3.2.1 去耦電容.........................................................................................714.3.2.3 磁性元件.........................................................................................734.3.3 接地.....................................................................................................744.4 PCB 設(shè)計(jì)中的EMI.......................................................................................754.4.1 傳輸線RLC 參數(shù)和EMI ........................................................................764.4.2 疊層設(shè)計(jì)抑制EMI ..............................................................................774.4.3 電容和接地過(guò)孔對(duì)回流的作用.........................................................784.4.4 布局和走線規(guī)則.................................................................................79第五章 電源完整性理論基礎(chǔ)...............................................................................825.1 電源噪聲的起因及危害.............................................................................825.2 電源阻抗設(shè)計(jì).............................................................................................855.3 同步開關(guān)噪聲分析.....................................................................................875.3.1 芯片內(nèi)部開關(guān)噪聲.............................................................................885.3.2 芯片外部開關(guān)噪聲.............................................................................895.3.3 等效電感衡量SSN ..............................................................................905.4 旁路電容的特性和應(yīng)用.............................................................................925.4.1 電容的頻率特性.................................................................................935.4.3 電容的介質(zhì)和封裝影響.....................................................................955.4.3 電容并聯(lián)特性及反諧振.....................................................................955.4.4 如何選擇電容.....................................................................................975.4.5 電容的擺放及Layout ........................................................................99第六章 系統(tǒng)時(shí)序.................................................................................................1006.1 普通時(shí)序系統(tǒng)...........................................................................................1006.1.1 時(shí)序參數(shù)的確定...............................................................................1016.1.2 時(shí)序約束條件...................................................................................1063.2 高速設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題.......................................................................................2093.3 SPECCTRAQuest SI Expert 的組件.......................................................2103.3.1 SPECCTRAQuest Model Integrity .................................................2103.3.2 SPECCTRAQuest Floorplanner/Editor .........................................2153.3.3 Constraint Manager .......................................................................2163.3.4 SigXplorer Expert Topology Development Environment .......2233.3.5 SigNoise 仿真子系統(tǒng)......................................................................2253.3.6 EMControl .........................................................................................2303.3.7 SPECCTRA Expert 自動(dòng)布線器.......................................................2303.4 高速設(shè)計(jì)的大致流程...............................................................................2303.4.1 拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的探索...............................................................................2313.4.2 空間解決方案的探索.......................................................................2313.4.3 使用拓?fù)淠０弪?qū)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)...................................................................2313.4.4 時(shí)序驅(qū)動(dòng)布局...................................................................................2323.4.5 以約束條件驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì).......................................................................2323.4.6 設(shè)計(jì)后分析.......................................................................................233第四章 SPECCTRAQUEST SIGNAL EXPLORER 的進(jìn)階運(yùn)用..........................................2344.1 SPECCTRAQuest Signal Explorer 的功能包括：................................2344.2 圖形化的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)探索...........................................................................2344.3 全面的信號(hào)完整性(Signal Integrity)分析.......................................2344.4 完全兼容 IBIS 模型...............................................................................2344.5 PCB 設(shè)計(jì)前和設(shè)計(jì)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)提取.......................................................2354.6 仿真設(shè)置顧問(wèn)...........................................................................................2354.7 改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的管理.......................................................................................2354.8 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)特點(diǎn)...........................................................................................2364.8.1 拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)探索...................................................................................2364.8.2 SigWave 波形顯示器........................................................................2364.8.3 集成化的在線分析(Integration and In-process Analysis) .236第五章 部分特殊的運(yùn)用...............................................................................2375.1 Script 指令的使用..................................................................................2375.2 差分信號(hào)的仿真.......................................................................................2435.3 眼圖模式的使用.......................................................................................249第四部分：HYPERLYNX 仿真工具使用指南............................................................251第一章 使用LINESIM 進(jìn)行前仿真.......................................................................2511.1 用LineSim 進(jìn)行仿真工作的基本方法...................................................2511.2 處理信號(hào)完整性原理圖的具體問(wèn)題.......................................................2591.3 在LineSim 中如何對(duì)傳輸線進(jìn)行設(shè)置...................................................2601.4 在LineSim 中模擬IC 元件.....................................................................2631.5 在LineSim 中進(jìn)行串?dāng)_仿真...................................................................268第二章 使用BOARDSIM 進(jìn)行后仿真......................................................................2732.1 用BOARDSIM 進(jìn)行后仿真工作的基本方法...................................................2732.2 BoardSim 的進(jìn)一步介紹..........................................................................2922.3 BoardSim 中的串?dāng)_仿真..........................................................................309
標(biāo)簽： PCB 內(nèi)存 仿真技術(shù)
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-04-18
上傳用戶：wpt
Hyperlynx仿真應(yīng)用:阻抗匹配.下面以一個(gè)電路設(shè)計(jì)為例，簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下PCB仿真軟件在設(shè)計(jì)中的使用。下面是一個(gè)DSP硬件電路部分元件位置關(guān)系(原理圖和PCB使用PROTEL99SE設(shè)計(jì))，其中DRAM作為DSP的擴(kuò)展Memory(64位寬度，低8bit還經(jīng)過(guò)3245接到FLASH和其它芯片)，DRAM時(shí)鐘頻率133M。因?yàn)轭l率較高，設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中我們需要考慮DRAM的數(shù)據(jù)、地址和控制線是否需加串阻。下面，我們以數(shù)據(jù)線D0仿真為例看是否需要加串阻。模型建立首先需要在元件公司網(wǎng)站下載各器件IBIS模型。然后打開Hyperlynx,新建LineSim File(線路仿真—主要用于PCB前仿真驗(yàn)證)新建好的線路仿真文件里可以看到一些虛線勾出的傳輸線、芯片腳、始端串阻和上下拉終端匹配電阻等。下面，我們開始導(dǎo)入主芯片DSP的數(shù)據(jù)線D0腳模型。左鍵點(diǎn)芯片管腳處的標(biāo)志，出現(xiàn)未知管腳，然后再按下圖的紅線所示線路選取芯片IBIS模型中的對(duì)應(yīng)管腳。 3http://bbs.elecfans.com/ 電子技術(shù)論壇 http://www.elecfans.com 電子發(fā)燒友點(diǎn)OK后退到“ASSIGN Models”界面。選管腳為“Output”類型。這樣，一樣管腳的配置就完成了。同樣將DRAM的數(shù)據(jù)線對(duì)應(yīng)管腳和3245的對(duì)應(yīng)管腳IBIS模型加上(DSP輸出，3245高阻，DRAM輸入)。下面我們開始建立傳輸線模型。左鍵點(diǎn)DSP芯片腳相連的傳輸線，增添傳輸線，然后右鍵編輯屬性。因?yàn)槲覀兪褂盟膶影澹诒韺幼呔€，所以要選用“Microstrip”，然后點(diǎn)“Value”進(jìn)行屬性編輯。這里，我們要編輯一些PCB的屬性，布線長(zhǎng)度、寬度和層間距等，屬性編輯界面如下：再將其它傳輸線也添加上。這就是沒有加阻抗匹配的仿真模型(PCB最遠(yuǎn)直線間距1.4inch，對(duì)線長(zhǎng)為1.7inch)。現(xiàn)在模型就建立好了。仿真及分析下面我們就要為各點(diǎn)加示波器探頭了，按照下圖紅線所示路徑為各測(cè)試點(diǎn)增加探頭：為發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的信息，我們使用眼圖觀察。因?yàn)闀r(shí)鐘是133M，數(shù)據(jù)單沿采樣，數(shù)據(jù)翻轉(zhuǎn)最高頻率為66.7M，對(duì)應(yīng)位寬為7.58ns。所以設(shè)置參數(shù)如下：之后按照芯片手冊(cè)制作眼圖模板。因?yàn)槲覀冏铌P(guān)心的是接收端(DRAM)信號(hào)，所以模板也按照DRAM芯片HY57V283220手冊(cè)的輸入需求設(shè)計(jì)。芯片手冊(cè)中要求輸入高電平VIH高于2.0V，輸入低電平VIL低于0.8V。DRAM芯片的一個(gè)NOTE里指出，芯片可以承受最高5.6V，最低-2.0V信號(hào)(不長(zhǎng)于3ns)：按下邊紅線路徑配置眼圖模板：低8位數(shù)據(jù)線沒有串阻可以滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求，而其他的56位都是一對(duì)一，經(jīng)過(guò)仿真沒有串阻也能通過(guò)。于是數(shù)據(jù)線不加串阻可以滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求，但有一點(diǎn)需注意，就是寫數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)因?yàn)榇嬖诨貨_，DRAM接收高電平在位中間會(huì)回沖到2V。因此會(huì)導(dǎo)致電平判決裕量較小，抗干擾能力差一些，如果調(diào)試過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)寫RAM會(huì)出錯(cuò)，還需要改版加串阻。
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-05
上傳用戶：dudu121
利用v自步離散法，得到變換器輸入控制變量與狀態(tài)變量之間的直接映射關(guān)系，基于混雜系統(tǒng)理論分析系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)方程，建立其分段仿射模型。在此模型的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合非線性預(yù)測(cè)控制算法，通過(guò)模型預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的輸出，利用反饋校正誤差，給出二次型性能指標(biāo)的優(yōu)化計(jì)算方法，并由此設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)測(cè)控制器。最后，以Buck功率變換器為研究對(duì)象，通過(guò)與峰值電流控制算法的仿真結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較，驗(yàn)證模型的正確性以及控制器設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-30
上傳用戶：teddysha
介紹電動(dòng)汽車感應(yīng)充電系統(tǒng)松耦合變壓器的特性，通過(guò)Ansoft有限元分析軟件對(duì)松耦合變壓器進(jìn)行仿真分析，結(jié)合簡(jiǎn)化磁路模型和磁力線分布，得出大氣隙下的EE磁芯的精確模型。結(jié)合精確模型和模擬結(jié)果，給出橫截面積對(duì)耦合系數(shù)的影響，實(shí)際制作變壓器，測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn)，面積增加，耦合系數(shù)得到提高，輸出電壓能力增強(qiáng)，為松耦合變壓器的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)和進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)提供理論指導(dǎo)和參考。
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-10
上傳用戶：行旅的喵
光伏發(fā)電陣列是一種隨機(jī)的非線性、多變量對(duì)象，平穩(wěn)且高效地進(jìn)行最優(yōu)光能捕獲（MPPT）是光伏并網(wǎng)前級(jí)控制系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵。文中以光伏陣列仿真模型為基礎(chǔ)，以模型輸出的PV曲線作為調(diào)節(jié)光伏陣列工作電壓的依據(jù)，提出了最大功率點(diǎn)曲線擬合+PID的控制模型。仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，該控制模型能夠有效提高光伏陣列的效率，較好的解決了傳統(tǒng)恒壓法效率低、擾動(dòng)法穩(wěn)定性不足等問(wèn)題。
標(biāo)簽： 模型預(yù)測(cè) 光伏并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng) 前級(jí) 控制策略
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-02
上傳用戶：tianyi996
分立元件串聯(lián)穩(wěn)壓電源設(shè)計(jì)方案(1)
標(biāo)簽： 分立元件 串聯(lián)穩(wěn)壓 電源設(shè)計(jì) 方案
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-03
上傳用戶：zengduo
在電源設(shè)計(jì)中，工程人員時(shí)常會(huì)面臨控制 IC 驅(qū)動(dòng)電流不足的問(wèn)題，或者因?yàn)殚l極驅(qū)動(dòng)損耗導(dǎo)致控制 IC 功耗過(guò)大。為解決這些問(wèn)題，工程人員通常會(huì)採(cǎi)用外部驅(qū)動(dòng)器。目前許多半導(dǎo)體廠商都有現(xiàn)成的 MOSFET 積體電路驅(qū)動(dòng)器解決方案，但因?yàn)槌杀究剂?，工程師往往?huì)選擇比較低價(jià)的獨(dú)立元件。
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-19
上傳用戶：阿譚電器工作室
雙極型三極管的高頻小信號(hào)模型
標(biāo)簽： 雙極型三極管 高頻小信號(hào) 模型
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-20
上傳用戶：
OrCAD元件庫(kù)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-26
上傳用戶：asdgfsdfht
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