Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
標簽：
差分電路
單端
模式
上傳時間：
2014-03-25
上傳用戶：yyyyyyyyyy
微電腦型單相交流集合式電表（單相二線系統） 特點： 精確度0.25%滿刻度±1位數 可同時量測與顯示交流電壓,電流,頻率,瓦特,(功率因數/視在功率) 交流電壓,電流,瓦特皆為真正有效值(TRMS) 交流電流,瓦特之小數點可任意設定 瓦特單位W或KW可任意設定 CT比可任意設定(1至999) 輸入與輸出絕緣耐壓 2仟伏特/1分鐘( 突波測試強度4仟伏特(1.2x50us) 數位RS-485界面 (Optional) 主要規格： 精確度: 0.1% F.S.±1 digit (Frequency) 0.25% F.S.±1 digit(ACA,ACV,Watt,VA) 0.25% F.S. ±0.25o(Power Factor) (-.300~+.300) 輸入負載: <0.2VA (Voltage) <0.2VA (Current) 最大過載能力: Current related input: 3 x rated continuous 10 x rated 30 sec. 25 x rated 3sec. 50 x rated 1sec. Voltage related input: maximum 2 x rated continuous 過載顯示: "doFL" 顯示值范圍: 0~600.0V(Voltage) 0~999.9Hz(Frequency)(<20% for voltage input) 0~19999 digit adjustable(Current,Watt,VA) 取樣時間: 2 cycles/sec. RS-485通訊位址: "01"-"FF" RS-485傳輸速度: 19200/9600/4800/2400 selective RS-485通信協議: Modbus RTU mode 溫度系數: 100ppm/℃ (0-50℃) 顯示幕: Red high efficiency LEDs high 10.16 mm(0.4") 參數設定方式: Touch switches 記憶型式: Non-volatile E²PROM memory 絕緣抗阻: >100Mohm with 500V DC 絕緣耐壓能力: 2KVac/1 min. (input/output/power) 1600 Vdc (input/output) 突波測試: ANSI c37.90a/1974,DIN-IEC 255-4 impulse voltage 4KV(1.2x50us) 使用環境條件: 0-50℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) 存放環境條件: 0-70℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) CE認證: EN 55022:1998/A1:2000 Class A EN 61000-3-2:2000 EN 61000-3-3:1995/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001
標簽：
微電腦
單相交流
單相
電表
上傳時間：
2015-01-03
上傳用戶：幾何公差
