Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡(jiǎn)述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡(jiǎn)稱THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法，專用于無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測(cè)無心罐形磁心及線圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測(cè)量時(shí)，所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝， （線架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作，其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬和 100 萬的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國(guó)外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
在Multisim 10軟件環(huán)境下，設(shè)計(jì)一種由運(yùn)算放大器構(gòu)成的精確可控矩形波信號(hào)發(fā)生器，結(jié)合系統(tǒng)電路原理圖重點(diǎn)闡述了各參數(shù)指標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)與測(cè)試方法。通過改變RC電路的電容充、放電路徑和時(shí)間常數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了占空比和頻率的調(diào)節(jié)，通過多路開關(guān)投入不同數(shù)值的電容實(shí)現(xiàn)了頻段的調(diào)節(jié)，通過電壓取樣和同相放大電路實(shí)現(xiàn)了輸出電壓幅值的調(diào)節(jié)并提高了電路的帶負(fù)載能力，可作為頻率和幅值可調(diào)的方波信號(hào)發(fā)生器。Multisim 10仿真分析及應(yīng)用電路測(cè)試結(jié)果表明，電路性能指標(biāo)達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)要求。
Abstract:
Based on Multisim 10， this paper designed a kind of rectangular-wave signal generator which could be controlled exactly composed of operational amplifier， the key point was how to implement and test the parameter indicators based on the circuit diagram. The duty and the frequency were adjusted by changing the time constant and the way of charging and discharging of the capacitor， the width of frequency was adjusted by using different capacitors provided with multiple switch， the amplitude of output voltage was adjusted by sampling voltage and using in-phase amplifier circuit，the ability of driving loads was raised， the circuit can be used as squarewave signal generator whose frequency and amplitude can be adjusted. The final simulation results of Multisim 10 and the tests of applicable circuit show that the performance indicators of the circuit meets the design requirements.
