基于∑-△噪聲整形技術和過采樣技術的數模轉換器(DAC)可以可靠地把數字信號轉換成為高精度的模擬信號。采用這一結構進行數模轉換具有諸多優點,例如極低的失配噪聲和高的可靠性,便于作為IP模塊嵌入到其他芯片系統中等,更重要的是可以得到其他DAC結構所無法達到的精度和動態范圍。在高精度測量、音頻轉換、汽車電子等領域有著廣泛的應用價值。 由于非線性和不穩定性的存在,高階∑-△調制器的設計與實現存在較大的難度。本設計綜合大量文獻中的經驗原則和方法,首先闡述了∑-△調制器的一般原理,并討論了一般結構調制器的設計過程,然后描述了穩定的高階高精度調制器的設計流程。根據市場需求,設定了整個設計方案的性能指標,并據此設計了達到16bit精度和滿量程輸入范圍的三階128倍過采樣調制器。 本設計采用∑-△結構,根據系統要求設計了量化器位數、調制器過采樣比和階數。在分析高階單環路調制器穩定性的基礎上,成功設計了六位量化三階單環路調制器結構。在16比特的輸入信號下,達到了90dB左右的信噪比。該設計已經在Cyclone系列FPGA器件下得到硬件實現和驗證,并實現了實時音頻驗證。測試表明,該DAC模塊輸出信號的信噪比能滿足16比特數據轉換應用的分辨率要求,并具備良好的兼容性和通用性。 本設計可作為IP核廣泛地在其他系統中進行復用,具有很強的應用性和一定的創新性。
標簽:
FPGA
bit
DAC
上傳時間:
2013-07-10
上傳用戶:chuandalong
Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
標簽:
差分電路
單端
模式
上傳時間:
2014-03-25
上傳用戶:yyyyyyyyyy