The understanding of electrical system design has become increas-
ingly important, not only to the electrical designer, but to safety, plant
and project engineers as well. With the advent of high energy costs, plant
and project engineers have needed to become more aware of electrical
systems. Both safety and energy efficiency will be covered in this text
along with practical application problems for industrial and commercial
electrical design.
In Helsinki during a visiting lecture, an internationally well-known professor in communica-
tionssaid,‘Inthecommunicationssocietywehavemanagedtoconvertourproposalsandideas
to real products, not like in the control engineering society. They have very nice papers and
strong mathematics but most of the real systems still use the old PID controllers!’. As our
background is mainly in control as well as communications engineering, we know that this
thought is not very accurate. We agree that most of the practical controllers are analog and
digital PID controllers, simply because they are very reliable and able to achieve the required
control goals successfully. Most of the controllers can be explained in terms of PID. The
reasons behind this impressive performance of PID will be explained in Chapter 2.
Why did an electricity market emerge? How does it really work? What are the perfor-
mance measures that we can use to tell that the electricity market under consideration
is well functioning? These are the questions that will be explored in this book. The
main purpose of this book is to introduce the fundamental theories and concepts that
underpintheelectricitymarketswhicharebasedonthreemajordisciplines:electrical
power engineering, economics, and optimization methods.
Since the original publication of Manual 74 in 1991, and the preceding
“Guidelines for Transmission Line Structural Loading” in 1984, the
understanding of structural loadings on transmission line structures has
broadened signifi cantly. However, improvements in computational capa-
bility have enabled the transmission line engineer to more easily deter-
mine structural loadings without properly understanding the parameters
that affect these loads. Many seasoned professionals have expressed
concern for the apparent lack of recent information on the topic of struc-
tural loadings as new engineers enter this industry. The Committee on
Electrical Transmission Structures is charged with the responsibility to
report, evaluate, and provide loading requirements of transmission struc-
tures. This task committee was therefore formed to update and revise the
1991 manual.
The first edition as well as its forerunner of Kuffel and Abdullah published in
1970 and their translations into Japanese and Chinese languages have enjoyed
wide international acceptance as basic textbooks in teaching senior under-
graduate and postgraduate courses in High-Voltage Engineering. Both texts
have also been extensively used by practising engineers engaged in the design
and operation of high-voltage equipment. Over the years the authors have
received numerous comments from the text’s users with helpful suggestions
for improvements. These have been incorporated in the present edition. Major
revisions and expansion of several chapters have been made to update the
continued progress and developments in high-voltage engineering over the
past two decades.
This book is the result of works dedicated to specific applications of
metaheuristics in smart electrical grids. From electric transmission,
distribution networks to electric microgrids, the notion of intelligence refers
to the ability to propose acceptable solutions in an increasingly more
restrictive environment. Most often, it refers to decision-making assisting
tools designed to support all human action.
