In the next generation of wireless communication systems, there will be a need for the rapid
deployment of independent mobile users. Significant examples include establishing survivable, efficient,
dynamic communication for emergency operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks. Such
network scenarios cannot rely on centralized and organized connectivity, and can be conceived as
applications of mobile ad hoc networks. A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that
communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the nodes are decentralized, where
all network activity including discovering the
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According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known historical meaning of the word information in English was the act of informing, or giving form or shape to the mind, as in education, instruction, or training. A quote from 1387: "Five books come down from heaven for information of mankind."
One traditional view of how wireless networks evolve is of a continuous, inevitable progres-
sion to higher link speeds, combined with greater mobility over wider areas. This standpoint
certainly captures the development from first and second generation cellular systems focused
on voice support, and the early short-range wireless data networks, through to today’s 3G
cellular and mobile broadband systems; there is every confidence that the trend will continue
some way into the future.
The telecommunications industry has seen a rapid boost within the last decade. New realities
and visions of functionalities in various telecommunications networks have brought forward the
concept of next-generation networks (NGNs). The competitions among operators for support-
ing various services, lowering of the cost of having mobile and cellular phones and smartphones,
increasing demand for general mobility, explosion of digital traffic, and advent of convergence
network technologies added more dynamism in the idea of NGNs. In fact, facilitating con-
vergence of networks and convergence of various types of services is a significant objective of
NGN
The wireless market has experienced a phenomenal growth since the first second-
generation (2G) digital cellular networks, based on global system for mobile
communications (GSM) technology, were introduced in the early 1990s. Since then,
GSM has become the dominant global 2G radio access standard. Almost 80% of today’s
new subscriptions take place in one of the more than 460 cellular networks that use
GSM technology. This growth has taken place simultaneously with the large experienced
expansion of access to the Internet and its related multimedia services.
The first Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) networks were launched during 2002. By the end of 2005
there were 100 open WCDMA networks and a total of over 150 operators having
frequency licenses for WCDMA operation. Currently, the WCDMA networks are
deployedinUniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS)bandaround2GHz
in Europe and Asia including Japan and Korea. WCDMA in America is deployed in the
existing 850 and 1900 spectrum allocations while the new 3G band at 1700/2100 is
expected to be available in the near future. 3GPP has defined the WCDMA operation
also for several additional bands, which are expected to be taken into use during the
coming years.
