利用單片機具有的智能程序控制的特點，設(shè)計了基于STC89C52單片機的"二極管特性測試器"，可對二極管一般特性進行快速測試。通過穩(wěn)定線性電流源給二極管加載恒定電流，然后由高精度模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器測試其壓降，以此為基礎(chǔ)可判斷二極管好壞、檢測二極管極性和測試二極管伏安特性等，避免了用萬用表測試只能測得極性而不知其特性這一缺點。可用于電子設(shè)計制作過程中對二極管進行快速測試，以確定被測二極管是否滿足電路的設(shè)計要求。
Abstract:
By making good use of the intelligent control function of the Micro Controller Unit (MCU)， the diode trait tester was designed based on the STC89C52，which could be used to test the trait of a diode rapidly. By loading constant current to diode through the stable linear current source， and measuring the voltage drop of the diode by high-precision analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)， it can judge whether the diode is good or not， distinguish the polarity of the diode， and test the trait that the diode， which can avoid the fault of using a multimeter can only measure the polarity but not the trait. This device can be used to test the trait of a diode quickly，and to make sure that whether a diode can be used in the electronic design or not.
為了解決磁放大器性能測試過程中，需要對其供給不同數(shù)值恒定電流的問題，設(shè)計了一種基于DAC7512和單片機的數(shù)控恒流源系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)采用AT89C51作為主控器件，將計算機發(fā)送的電流控制字命令轉(zhuǎn)換為D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器控制字，通過模擬SPI通信接口，寫D/A控制字到DAC7512，從而控制其輸出相應(yīng)數(shù)字電壓值，經(jīng)差動縮放電路、電壓/電路變換電路和功率驅(qū)動電路，最后輸出恒定電流。實驗結(jié)果表明，恒流源輸出電流調(diào)節(jié)范圍為-45~+45 mA、精度為±0.1 mA，分辨率達0.024 4 mA，具有應(yīng)用靈活，外圍電路簡單，可靠性高的特點。該數(shù)控直流恒流源也可為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的測試系統(tǒng)研發(fā)提供參考。
Abstract:
In order to solve the need to supply different values constant current for the magnetic amplifier in testing process， numerical control constant current source system was designed based on DAC7512 chip and microcontroller technology. The system used the AT89C51 as the main chip， which can convert the current control word from computer into to D/A control words. And the system wrote D/A control word into the DAC7512 chip to control the output voltage value by the SPI communication interface， which can output corresponding constant current figures by scaling circuit， the V/I converter and power drive circuit. Experimental results show that the current source output current adjustment range is -45~+45mA， accuracy is ± 0.1mA， and resolution ratio is 0.024 4mA
Calculation of the Differential Impedance of Tracks on FR4 substrates
There is a discrepancy between calculated and measured values of impedance for differential transmission lineson FR4. This is especially noticeable in the case of surface microstrip configurations. The anomaly is shown tobe due to the nature of the substrate material. This needs to be considered as a layered structure of epoxy resinand glass fibre. Calculations, using Boundary Element field methods, show that the distribution of the electricfield within this layered structure determines the apparent dielectric constant and therefore affects theimpedance. Thus FR4 cannot be considered to be uniform dielectric when calculating differential impedance.
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡述了改進鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對諧波測量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡稱THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對比較的實用方法，專用于無中心柱配對罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報、電話設(shè)備的遙測振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測無心罐形磁心及線圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測量時，所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝， （線架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測磁心配對安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測量是一項很精細(xì)的工作，其中測量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬和 100 萬的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
在Multisim 10軟件環(huán)境下，設(shè)計一種由運算放大器構(gòu)成的精確可控矩形波信號發(fā)生器，結(jié)合系統(tǒng)電路原理圖重點闡述了各參數(shù)指標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)與測試方法。通過改變RC電路的電容充、放電路徑和時間常數(shù)實現(xiàn)了占空比和頻率的調(diào)節(jié)，通過多路開關(guān)投入不同數(shù)值的電容實現(xiàn)了頻段的調(diào)節(jié)，通過電壓取樣和同相放大電路實現(xiàn)了輸出電壓幅值的調(diào)節(jié)并提高了電路的帶負(fù)載能力，可作為頻率和幅值可調(diào)的方波信號發(fā)生器。Multisim 10仿真分析及應(yīng)用電路測試結(jié)果表明，電路性能指標(biāo)達到了設(shè)計要求。
Abstract:
Based on Multisim 10， this paper designed a kind of rectangular-wave signal generator which could be controlled exactly composed of operational amplifier， the key point was how to implement and test the parameter indicators based on the circuit diagram. The duty and the frequency were adjusted by changing the time constant and the way of charging and discharging of the capacitor， the width of frequency was adjusted by using different capacitors provided with multiple switch， the amplitude of output voltage was adjusted by sampling voltage and using in-phase amplifier circuit，the ability of driving loads was raised， the circuit can be used as squarewave signal generator whose frequency and amplitude can be adjusted. The final simulation results of Multisim 10 and the tests of applicable circuit show that the performance indicators of the circuit meets the design requirements.
yright 2002 Cygnal Integrated Products, Inc. // // Filename: LIION_BC_MAIN.c // Target Device: 8051F300 // Created: 11 SEP 2002 // Created By: DKC // Tool chain: KEIL Eval C51 // // This is a stand alone battery charger for a Lithium ION battery. // It utilizes a buck converter, controlled by the on-chip 8-bit PWM, // to provide constant current followed by constant voltage battery charge.
he LPC932 can be used to create a Pulse Width Modulated PWM signal. That s an analog signal, with only 2 discrete levels, for example 0V and 5V and a constant period. The current value of this signal at a certain poiTnt of time is proportional to its Duty Cycle. That s the High Time during one period divided by the period. It can also be calculated as the average value during a particular period. That means after low pass filtering, (e.g. RC circuit) the signal becomes analog, with an actual value controlled by the microcontroller. The PWM functionality enables the LPC932 to control for example the speed of DC motors or the brightness of electric lighting.
One-channel queuing system simulator (M/M/1)
* Arrival and service times are random and distributed exponetially.
*
* The simulator is time-slice-driven, i.e. the system model is being
* run at discrete time points, with constant increments deltaT.
* At each such time moment, program checks if a new item arrival or
* release has occurred during previus deltaT.
C# BigInteger class. BigInteger.cs is a csharp program. It is the BIgInteger class. It has methods: abs() , FermatLittleTest(int confidence) ,gcd(BigInteger bi) , genCoPrime(int bits, Random rand) , genPseudoPrime(int bits, int confidence, Random rand) , genRandomBits(int bits, Random rand) , isProbablePrime(int confidence) , isProbablePrime() , Jacobi(BigInteger a, BigInteger b) , LucasSequence(BigInteger P, BigInteger Q, BigInteger k, BigInteger n) ,max(BigInteger bi) , min(BigInteger bi) , modInverse(BigInteger modulus) , RabinMillerTest(int confidence) ,
Calculates photonic band structure for either an fcc or diamond lattice of dielectric spheres of dielectric constant epsilon_a in a dielectric background of dielectric constant epsilon_b.
