The first question most readers of an O’Reilly book might ask is about the choice of the
cover animal. In this case, “why a duck?” Well, for the record, our first choice was a
unicorn decked out in glitter and a rainbow sash.
That response always gets a laugh (we are sure you just giggled a little), but it also brings
to the surface a common perception of software-defined networks among many expe‐
rienced network professionals. Although we think there is some truth to this perception,
there is certainly more meat than myth to this unicorn.
Until the mid-1990s most readers would probably not have even come across the term soft-
ware defined radio (SDR), let alone had an idea what it referred to. Since then SDR has made
the transition from obscurity to mainstream, albeit still with many different understandings of
the terms – software radio, software defined radio, software based radio, reconfigurable radio.
Software defined radio (SDR) is an exciting new field for the wireless indus-
try; it is gaining momentum and beginning to be included in commercial
and defense products. The technology offers the potential to revolutionize
the way radios are designed, manufactured, deployed, and used. SDR prom-
ises to increase flexibility, extend hardware lifetime, lower costs, and reduce
time to market
軟件無線電(SDR，Software defined Radio)由于具備傳統(tǒng)無線電技術(shù)無可比擬的優(yōu)越性，已成為業(yè)界公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代無線電通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。理想的軟件無線電系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性和可編程性，減少靈活性著的硬件電路，把數(shù)字化處理(ADC和DAC)盡可能靠近天線，通過軟件的更新改變硬件的配置、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。目前，直接對射頻(RF)進(jìn)行采樣的技術(shù)尚未實現(xiàn)普及的產(chǎn)品化，而用數(shù)字變頻器在中頻進(jìn)行數(shù)字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，數(shù)字混頻器用離散化的單頻本振信號與輸入采樣信號在乘法器中相乘，再經(jīng)插值或抽取濾波，其結(jié)果是，輸入信號頻譜搬移到所需頻帶，數(shù)據(jù)速率也相應(yīng)改變，以供后續(xù)模塊做進(jìn)一步處理。數(shù)字變頻器在發(fā)射設(shè)備和接收設(shè)備中分別稱為數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它們是軟件無線電通信設(shè)備的關(guān)鍵部什。大規(guī)模可編程邏輯器件的應(yīng)用為現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計帶來極大的靈活性。基于FPGA的數(shù)字變頻器設(shè)計是深受廣大設(shè)計人員歡迎的設(shè)計手段。本文的重點研究是數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC)，然而將它與數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC)完全割裂后進(jìn)行研究顯然是不妥的，因此，本文對數(shù)字上變頻器也作適當(dāng)介紹。 第一章簡要闡述了軟件無線電及數(shù)字下變頻的基本概念，介紹了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介紹了數(shù)控振蕩器(NCO)，介紹了兩種實現(xiàn)方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的實現(xiàn)。對CORDIc算法作了重點介紹，給出了傳統(tǒng)算法和改進(jìn)算法，并對基于傳統(tǒng)CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真。 第三章介紹了變速率采樣技術(shù)，重點介紹了軟件無線電中廣泛采用的級聯(lián)積分梳狀濾波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)補(bǔ)償法，對前者進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真和FPGA實現(xiàn)的EDA仿真，后者只進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真。 第四章介紹了分布式算法和軟件無線電中廣泛采用的半帶(half-band，HB)濾波器，對基于分布式算法的半帶濾波器的FPGA實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真，最后簡要介紹了FIR的多相結(jié)構(gòu)。 第五章對數(shù)字下變頻器系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了噪聲綜合分析，給出了一個噪聲模型。 第六章介紹了數(shù)字下變頻器在短波電臺中頻數(shù)字化應(yīng)用中的一個實例，給出了測試結(jié)果，重點介紹了下變頻器的：FPGA實現(xiàn)，其對應(yīng)的VHDL程序收錄在本文最后的附錄中，希望對從事該領(lǐng)域設(shè)計的技術(shù)人員具有一定參考價值。
軟件無線電(SDR，Software defined Radio)由于具備傳統(tǒng)無線電技術(shù)無可比擬的優(yōu)越性，已成為業(yè)界公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代無線電通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。理想的軟件無線電系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性和可編程性，減少靈活性著的硬件電路，把數(shù)字化處理(ADC和DAC)盡可能靠近天線，通過軟件的更新改變硬件的配置、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。目前，直接對射頻(RF)進(jìn)行采樣的技術(shù)尚未實現(xiàn)普及的產(chǎn)品化，而用數(shù)字變頻器在中頻進(jìn)行數(shù)字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，數(shù)字混頻器用離散化的單頻本振信號與輸入采樣信號在乘法器中相乘，再經(jīng)插值或抽取濾波，其結(jié)果是，輸入信號頻譜搬移到所需頻帶，數(shù)據(jù)速率也相應(yīng)改變，以供后續(xù)模塊做進(jìn)一步處理。數(shù)字變頻器在發(fā)射設(shè)備和接收設(shè)備中分別稱為數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它們是軟件無線電通信設(shè)備的關(guān)鍵部什。大規(guī)模可編程邏輯器件的應(yīng)用為現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計帶來極大的靈活性。基于FPGA的數(shù)字變頻器設(shè)計是深受廣大設(shè)計人員歡迎的設(shè)計手段。本文的重點研究是數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC)，然而將它與數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC)完全割裂后進(jìn)行研究顯然是不妥的，因此，本文對數(shù)字上變頻器也作適當(dāng)介紹。 第一章簡要闡述了軟件無線電及數(shù)字下變頻的基本概念，介紹了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介紹了數(shù)控振蕩器(NCO)，介紹了兩種實現(xiàn)方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的實現(xiàn)。對CORDIc算法作了重點介紹，給出了傳統(tǒng)算法和改進(jìn)算法，并對基于傳統(tǒng)CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真。 第三章介紹了變速率采樣技術(shù)，重點介紹了軟件無線電中廣泛采用的級聯(lián)積分梳狀濾波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)補(bǔ)償法，對前者進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真和FPGA實現(xiàn)的EDA仿真，后者只進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真。 第四章介紹了分布式算法和軟件無線電中廣泛采用的半帶(half-band，HB)濾波器，對基于分布式算法的半帶濾波器的FPGA實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真，最后簡要介紹了FIR的多相結(jié)構(gòu)。 第五章對數(shù)字下變頻器系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了噪聲綜合分析，給出了一個噪聲模型。 第六章介紹了數(shù)字下變頻器在短波電臺中頻數(shù)字化應(yīng)用中的一個實例，給出了測試結(jié)果，重點介紹了下變頻器的：FPGA實現(xiàn)，其對應(yīng)的VHDL程序收錄在本文最后的附錄中，希望對從事該領(lǐng)域設(shè)計的技術(shù)人員具有一定參考價值。
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
為解決傳統(tǒng)可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)視頻字符疊加器結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，可靠性差，成本高昂等問題，在可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)設(shè)計中采用視頻字符發(fā)生器芯片MAX7456。該芯片集成了所有用于產(chǎn)生用戶定義OSD，并將其插入視頻信號中所需的全部功能，僅需少量的外圍阻容元件即可正常工作。給出了以MAX7456為核心的可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)的軟、硬件實現(xiàn)方案及設(shè)計實例。該方案具有電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、價格低廉、符合人體視覺習(xí)慣的特點。經(jīng)實際裝車測試，按該方案設(shè)計的可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)視場清晰、提示字符醒目、工作可靠，可有效降低駕駛員倒車時的工作強(qiáng)度、減少倒車事故的發(fā)生。
Abstract:
A new video and text generation chip，MAX7456，was used in the design of video parking sensor in order to simplify system structure，improve reliability and reduce cost. This chip included all the necessary functions to generate user-defined OSDs and to add them into the video signals. It could be put into work with addition of just a small number of resistances and capacitors. This paper provided software and hardware implementation solutions and design example based on the chip. The system had the characteristics of simplicity in circuit structure，lower cost，and comfort for the nature of human vision. Loading road test demonstrates high video and text display quality and reliable performance，which makes the driver easy to see backward and reduces chance of accidents.
