The first Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) networks were launched during 2002. By the end of 2005
there were 100 open WCDMA networks and a total of over 150 operators having
frequency licenses for WCDMA operation. Currently, the WCDMA networks are
deployedinUniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem(UMTS)bandaround2GHz
in Europe and Asia including Japan and Korea. WCDMA in America is deployed in the
existing 850 and 1900 spectrum allocations while the new 3G band at 1700/2100 is
expected to be available in the near future. 3GPP has defined the WCDMA operation
also for several additional bands, which are expected to be taken into use during the
coming years.
To meet the future demand for huge traffic volume of wireless data service, the research on the fifth generation
(5G) mobile communication systems has been undertaken in recent years. It is expected that the spectral and energy
efficiencies in 5G mobile communication systems should be ten-fold higher than the ones in the fourth generation
(4G) mobile communication systems. Therefore, it is important to further exploit the potential of spatial multiplexing
of multiple antennas. In the last twenty years, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna techniques have been
considered as the key techniques to increase the capacity of wireless communication systems. When a large-scale
antenna array (which is also called massive MIMO) is equipped in a base-station, or a large number of distributed
antennas (which is also called large-scale distributed MIMO) are deployed, the spectral and energy efficiencies can
be further improved by using spatial domain multiple access. This paper provides an overview of massive MIMO
and large-scale distributed MIMO systems, including spectral efficiency analysis, channel state information (CSI)
acquisition, wireless transmission technology, and resource allocation.
Soon after Samuel Morse’s telegraphing device led to a deployed electri-
cal telecommunications system in 1843, waiting lines began to form by those
wanting to use the system. At this writing queueing is still a significant factor in
designing and operating communications services, whether they are provided
over the Internet or by other means, such as circuit switched networks.
Software defined radio (SDR) is an exciting new field for the wireless indus-
try; it is gaining momentum and beginning to be included in commercial
and defense products. The technology offers the potential to revolutionize
the way radios are designed, manufactured, deployed, and used. SDR prom-
ises to increase flexibility, extend hardware lifetime, lower costs, and reduce
time to market
When 3GPP started standardizing the IMS a few years ago, most analysts expected the
number of IMS deploymentsto grow dramatically as soon the initial IMS specifications were
ready (3GPP Release 5 was functionallyfrozenin the first half of 2002and completedshortly
after that). While those predictions have proven to be too aggressive owing to a number of
upheavals hitting the ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) sector, we are
now seeing more and more commercial IMS-based service offerings in the market. At the
time of writing (May 2008), there are over 30 commercial IMS networks running live traffic,
addingup to over10million IMS users aroundthe world; the IMS is beingdeployedglobally.
In addition, there are plenty of ongoing market activities; it is estimated that over 130 IMS
contracts have been awarded to all IMS manufacturers. The number of IMS users will grow
substantially as these awarded contracts are launched commercially. At the same time, the
number of IMS users in presently deployed networks is steadily increasing as new services
are introduced and operators running these networks migrate their non-IMS users to their
IMS networks.
A wireless ad-hoc network is a wireless network deployed without any infrastructure. In
such a network, there is no access point or wireless router to forward messages among the
computing devices. Instead, these devices depend on the ad-hoc mode of their wireless net‐
work interface cards to communicate with each other. If the nodes are within the transmis‐
sion range of the wireless signal, they can send messages to each other directly. Otherwise,
the nodes in between will forward the messages for them. Thus, each node is both an end
system and a router simultaneously.
The explosion in demand for wireless services experienced over the past 20 years
has put significant pressure on system designers to increase the capacity of the
systems being deployed. While the spectral resource is very scarce and practically
exhausted, the biggest possibilities are predicted to be in the areas of spectral reuse
by unlicensed users or in exploiting the spatial dimension of the wireless channels.
The former approach is now under intense development and is known as the cogni-
tive radio approach (Haykin 2005).
This chapter provides extensive coverage of existing mobile wireless technologies. Much of the
emphasis is on the highly anticipated 3G cellular networks and widely deployed wireless local
area networks (LANs), as the next-generation smart phones are likely to offer at least these two
types of connectivity. Other wireless technologies that either have already been commercialized or
are undergoing active research and standardization are introduced as well. Because standardization
plays a crucial role in developing a new technology and a market, throughout the discussion
standards organizations and industry forums or consortiums of some technologies are introduced.
In addition, the last section of this chapter presents a list of standards in the wireless arena.
Welcome to the third volume of the book entitled Technologies for the Wireless Future, which
is produced by WWRF. The idea is to take the most important outputs from the working
groups and special-interest groups that compose the Forum and bring them together in a series
of one-volume surveys. The latest of these will give the reader a good overview of the WWRF
approach to analyzing the future of wireless and mobile communications, as well as an insight
into the trends themselves and the key technologies that will be deployed.
Broadband powerline communication systems are continuing to gain significant
market adoption worldwide for applications ranging from IPTV delivery to the
Smart Grid. The suite of standards developed by the HomePlug Powerline
Alliance plays an important role in the widespread deployment of broadband
PLC. To date, more than 100 million HomePlug modems are deployed and these
numbers continue to rise.
