The object detector described below has been initially proposed by
P.F. Felzenszwalb in [Felzenszwalb2010]. It is based on a
Dalal-Triggs detector that uses a single filter on histogram of
oriented gradients (HOG) features to represent an object category.
This detector uses a sliding window approach, where a filter is
applied at all positions and scales of an image. The first
innovation is enriching the Dalal-Triggs model using a
star-structured part-based model defined by a “root” filter
(analogous to the Dalal-Triggs filter) plus a set of parts filters
and associated deformation models. The score of one of star models
at a particular position and scale within an image is the score of
the root filter at the given location plus the sum over parts of the
maximum, over placements of that part, of the part filter score on
its location minus a deformation cost easuring the deviation of the
part from its ideal location relative to the root. Both root and
part filter scores are defined by the dot product between a filter
(a set of weights) and a subwindow of a feature pyramid computed
from the input image. Another improvement is a representation of the
class of models by a mixture of star models. The score of a mixture
model at a particular position and scale is the maximum over
components, of the score of that component model at the given
location.
The new digital radio system DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting, nowadays often called
Digital Radio) is a very innovative and universal multimedia broadcast system which will
replace the existing AM and FM audio broadcast services in many parts of the world in
the future. It was developed in the 1990s by the Eureka 147/DAB project. DAB is very
well suited for mobile reception and provides very high robustness against multipath
reception. It allows use of single frequency networks (SFNs) for high frequency
efficiency.
The telecommunications industry is undoubtedly in a period of radical change with
the advent of mobile broadband radio access and the rapid convergence of Internet
and mobile services. Some of these changes have been enabled by a fundamental
shift in the underlying technologies; mobile networks are now increasingly based
on a pure Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture. Since the first edition of this
book was published in 2009, a multitude of connected devices from eBook readers
to smartphones and even Machine-to-Machine (M2M) technologies have all started
to benefit from mobile broadband. The sea change over the last few years is only the
beginning of a wave of new services that will fundamentally change our economy, our
society, and even our environment. The evolution towards mobile broadband is one of
the core underlying parts of this revolution and is the focus of this book.
During the past two decades there has been a substantial growth in research in
wireless communications. The number of journals published from various parts of
the world catering to the research community has grown exponentially. Despite
such a growth, the engineering community still needs more information so as to
thoroughly comprehend wireless channel characteristics. What specifically must be
understood are the effects of channel degradation brought on by statistical fluctua-
tions in the channel.
Mobile and wireless communication systems are a prominent communications
technology of the twenty-first century with profound economic and social impacts
in practically all parts of the world. The current state of wireless communication
systems allows for a much wider scope of applications than what it used to be
originally, that is, to be a mobile extension of the public switched telephone
network.
The focus of this book is on developing computational algorithms for transmit wave-
form design in active sensing applications, such as radar, sonar, communications and
medical imaging. Waveforms are designed to achieve certain desired properties, which
are divided into three categories corresponding to the three main parts in the book,
namely good aperiodic correlations, good periodic correlations and beampattern match-
ing.
n the first part of this book, we give an introduction to the basic applications of wireless com-
munications, as well as the technical problems inherent in this communication paradigm. After a
brief history of wireless, Chapter 1 describes the different types of wireless services, and works
out their fundamental differences. The subsequent Section 1.3 looks at the same problem from
a different angle: what data rates, ranges, etc., occur in practical systems, and especially, what
combination of performance measures are demanded (e.g., what data rates need to be transmitted
over short distances; what data rates are required over long distances?) Chapter 2 then describes
the technical challenges of communicating without wires, putting special emphasis on fading and
co-channel interference. Chapter 3 describes the most elementary problem of designing a wireless
system, namely to set up a link budget in either a noise-limited or an interference-limited system.
After studying this part of the book, the reader should have an overview of different types of
wireless services, and understand the technical challenges involved in each of them. The solutions
to those challenges are described in the later parts of this book.
Digital radios have undergone an astonishing evolution in the last century. Born as a set of simple and
power-hungry electrical and electromechanical devices for low data rate transmission of telegraph data
in the Marconi age, they have transformed, thanks to substantial advances in electronic technology,
into a set of small, reliable and sophisticated integrated devices supporting broadband multimedia
communications. This, however, would not have been possible unless significant progress had been
made in recent decades in the field of signal processing algorithms for baseband and passband signals.
In fact, the core of any modern digital radio consists of a set of algorithms running over programmable
electronic hardware. This book stems from the research and teaching activities of its co-authors in
the field of algorithmic techniques for wireless communications. A huge body of technical literature
has accumulated in the last four decades in this area, and an extensive coverage of all its important
aspects in a single textbook is impossible. For this reason, we have selected a few important topics
and, for ease of reading, organized them into two parts.
Electric distribution networks are critical parts of power delivery systems. In recent
years, many new technologies and distributed energy resources have been inte-
grated into these networks. To provide electricity at the possible lowest cost and at
required quality, long-term planning is essential for these networks. In distribution
planning, optimal location and size of necessary upgrades are determined to satisfy
the demand and the technical requirements of the loads and to tackle uncertainties
associated with load and distributed energy resources.
