磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要：簡述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB，從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程，分析了諸多因數(shù)對諧波測量的影響，提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：比損耗系數(shù)， 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ，直流偏置特性DC-Bias，總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient，hysteresis constant，DC-Bias，THD 近年來，變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家，在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上，進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作，逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施，促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真（Total harmonic distortion） ，簡稱THD，并不是什么新的概念，早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17－78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中，規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示，利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對比較的實(shí)用方法，專用于無中心柱配對罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng)，其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器，輸出阻抗 150Ω， Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，阻帶衰耗大于61dB， Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器，阻抗 150Ω，三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30～50KHz 放大器， 阻抗 150Ω， 增益不小于 43 dB，三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表，輸入高阻抗， L ——被測無心罐形磁心及線圈， C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測量時(shí)，所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝， （線架為一格） ， 其空心電感值為 318μH（誤差1％） 被測磁心配對安裝好后，先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6～40KHz， 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB， 即選頻表在 22′端子測得的主波電平 （P2）為+17.4 dB，然后在33′端子處測得輸出的三次諧波電平（P3）， 則三次諧波衰耗值為：b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中：S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證， 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作，其中測量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器，信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán)，阻抗必須匹配，薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成，以保證本身的“潔凈” ，不至于造成對磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求， 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初，1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠，從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié)，出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式，改用真空爐，并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬和 100 萬的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000～10000材料的突破，從而大大縮短了與國外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM（頻率劃分調(diào)制）向PCM（脈沖編碼調(diào)制） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期， 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬為 0.8×10 ，100KHz）的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>，其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
Abstract: Stuxnet, a sophisticated virus that damaged Iran's nuclear capability, should be an eye openerfor the world. We can choose to learn something very narrow (how to combat the Stuxnet virus) or wecan choose to focus on the larger goal of thwarting the next type of creative cyber attack. Unfortunately,critical industrial infrastructure is not currently designed with security as a key goal, leaving open multipleavenues for an educated and funded attacker to create massive problems. This tutorial outlines somebasic concepts that engineers and product definers should consider to make sure their new projects stayahead of future threats.
Handheld electronic devices play a key role in our everydaylives. Because dependability is paramount, handhelds arecarefully engineered with lightweight power sources forreliable use under normal conditions. But no amount ofcareful engineering can prevent the mistreatment theywill undergo at the hands of humans. For example, whathappens when a factory worker drops a bar code scanner,causing the battery to pop out? Such events areelectronically unpredictable, and important data storedin volatile memory would be lost without some form ofsafety net—namely a short-term power holdup systemthat stores suffi cient energy to supply standby power untilthe battery can be replaced or the data can be stored inpermanent memory.
光伏發(fā)電是未來新能源發(fā)電重要方向之一，而光伏變流器是光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的核心。介紹一種基于微網(wǎng)理念的光伏變流器設(shè)計(jì)。以該變流器為核心的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以看做一個(gè)小型的微網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)能根據(jù)外部電網(wǎng)情況，工作于并網(wǎng)模式和離網(wǎng)模式。介紹了該系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)組成部件的設(shè)計(jì)以及變流器主電路部分器件的選型。最后，由實(shí)驗(yàn)樣機(jī)進(jìn)行測試。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了電路拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)及控制方案的可行性，也說明了系統(tǒng)參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)方法的正確性。
Abstract:
Solar Photovoltaic generation is an important direction of new energy power generation in the future，while photovoltaic converter is the core of photovoltaic generation system. This paper deals with a study on photovoltaic inverter based on the concept of microgrid. This paper describes a system whose core component is the photovoltaic inverter，can work on grid-connected mode or run independently according to the external situation. The paper simply describes the main components of the system. At last，the prototype was produced and tested. Test result has proved feasibility of circuit topology structure and controlling scheme and shown correctness of system parameters.Key words: PV inverter； microgrid； off-grid； storage battery
This white paper raises some fundamental issues the design engineer should address before deciding upon a communication approach for a wireless network. As no universal wireless network solution exists, it should be custom tailored to suit the application demands. Defining your application communication characteristics is the key to ensure optimal communication reliability and resistance to interfering noise sources.
針對科研實(shí)驗(yàn)中對拉壓千斤頂加載過程控制的需要，采用ATmega128單片機(jī)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)對執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)的電動(dòng)泵站實(shí)行自動(dòng)控制。對力和位移的數(shù)據(jù)采集與處理及用步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制電動(dòng)泵站手柄的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)作了重點(diǎn)描述。通過單片機(jī)的A/D變換器對AMP放大模塊采集的電橋信號(hào)作量化處理，千斤頂?shù)牟倏厥直恢靡离妱?dòng)油泵閥門開啟的方向和大小作若干定位，單片機(jī)根據(jù)力或位移傳感器信號(hào)，實(shí)時(shí)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)手柄旋轉(zhuǎn)到相應(yīng)操控位置。
Abstract:
This article describes the use of ATmega128 AVR microcontroller series of DBS electric pumping stations and QF100/200 separate twoway hydraulic jack to automate the process of manipulating the work of the technical content. Articles on force and displacement data acquisition and processing， and stepper motor control electric pump with the handle of the key technical details were described. Through the MCU’s A / D converter module is collected on the AMP amplification quantify the signal bridge， jack handle position control valve opening according to the direction of electric pumps for a number of positioning and size of the microcontroller based on force or displacement sensor signals， real-time control stepper motor drive control handle rotate to the appropriate location.
針對目前使用的RS232接口數(shù)字化B超鍵盤存在PC主機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)不能設(shè)置BIOS，提出一種PS2鍵盤的設(shè)計(jì)方法。基于W78E052D單片機(jī)，采用8通道串行A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器設(shè)計(jì)了8個(gè)TGC電位器信息采集電路，電位器位置信息以鍵盤掃描碼序列形式發(fā)送，正交編碼器信號(hào)通過XC9536XL轉(zhuǎn)換為單片機(jī)可接收的中斷信號(hào)，軟件接收到中斷信息后等效處理成按鍵。結(jié)果表明，在滿足開機(jī)可設(shè)置BIOS同時(shí)，又可實(shí)現(xiàn)超聲特有功能，不需要專門設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序，接口簡單，成本低。
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of the digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system keyboard with RS232 interface currently used couldn?蒺t set the BIOS when the PC boot， this paper proposed a design method of PS2 keyboards. Based on W78E052D microcontroller，designed eight TGC potentiometers information acquisition circuit with 8-channel serial A/D converter， potentiometer position information sent out with keyboard scan code sequentially.The control circuit based on XC9536 CPLD is used for converting the mechanical actions of the encoders into the signals that can be identified by the MCU， software received interrupt information and equivalently treatmented as key. The results show that the BIOS can be set to meet the boot， ultrasound specific functionality can be achieved at the same time， it does not require specially designed driver，the interface is simple and low cost.
為提高電容測量精度，針對電容式傳感器的工作原理設(shè)計(jì)了基于PIC16LF874單片機(jī)電容測量模塊。簡單闡述了電容測量電路的應(yīng)用背景和國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀，介紹了美國Microchip公司PIC16LF874單片機(jī)的特性。電容式傳感器輸出的動(dòng)態(tài)微弱電容信號(hào)通過PS021型電容數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器把模擬量數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字量數(shù)據(jù)，所測數(shù)據(jù)由PIC16LF874單片機(jī)應(yīng)用程序進(jìn)行處理、顯示和保存。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，固定電容標(biāo)稱值為10~20 pF 的測量值相對誤差在1%以內(nèi)，同時(shí)也可知被測電容容值越大，測量值和標(biāo)稱值相對誤差越小。
Abstract:
To improve the accuracy of capacitance measurement，aimed at the principle of work of mercury capacitance acceleration transducer，the design of micro capacitance measurement circuit is based on the key PIC16LF874 chip. Briefly discusses the application of the capacitance measuring circuit for the background and status of foreign researchers，focusing on the United States PIC16LF874 microcontroller features. Capacitive sensor outputed signal through the dynamics of weak PS021-chip capacitors （capacitancedigital converter） to convert analog data into digital data，the measured data from the PIC16LF874 microcontroller application process， display and preservation. Experimental results show that the fixed capacitor 10pF ~ 20pF nominal value of the measured value of relative error is within 1%，but also it canbe seen the value of the measured capacitance larger，measuring value and the nominal value of relative error smaller.
