The most straightforward approximation is the standard Gaussian approximation, where the MAI is approximated by a Gaussian random variable. This approximation is simple, however it is not accurate in general. In situations where the number of users is not large, the Gaussian approximation is not appropriate. In-depth analysis of must be applied. The Holtzman?s improved Gaussian approximation provides a better approximation to the MAI term. The approximation conditions the interference term on the operation condition of each user.
A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole,"[1] a property called self-similarity. The term was coined by Benoî t Mandelbrot in 1975 and was derived from the Latin fractus meaning "broken" or "fractured." A mathematical fractal is based on an equation that undergoes iteration, a form of feedback based on recursion.[2]
This book describes and offers several solutions to many issues. It is geared to meet the immediate
and long-term needs of the professional network programmer.
In recent years, cellular voice networks have transformed into powerful packet-switched
access networks for both voice communication and Internet access. Evolving Universal
Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) networks and first Long term Evolution
(LTE) installations now deliver bandwidths of several megabits per second to individual
users, and mobile access to the Internet from handheld devices and notebooks is no
longer perceived as slower than a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or cable connection.
Bandwidth and capacity demands, however, keep rising because of the increasing number
of people using the networks and because of bandwidth-intensive applications such as
video streaming. Thus, network manufacturers and network operators need to find ways
to continuously increase the capacity and performance of their cellular networks while
reducing the cost.
The term economics is generally understood to mean sound
management. This is associated with openness, good faith, accurate
figures and integrity in company accounts, with transparency ensured
through satisfactory standards of good practice in relation to investors
and the clients who have placed their trust in an organization’s
managers.
Cooperation is not a natural characteristic attributed to humans. The typical human horizon is focused
on short-term gains, which might be due to our instinct-driven subconscious occupying a grander
importance than we dare to admit [1]. Cooperating with other individuals or entities, however, usually
means that short-term losses may translate into long-term gains – something history has proved to
hold true but humans for some reason rarely ever understand.
Thisbookfocusesontheemergingresearchtopic‘green(energy-efficient)wirelessnetworks’
that has drawn huge attention recently from both academia and industry. This topic is highly
motivated due to important environmental, financial and quality-of-experience (QoE) consid-
erations.Duetosuchconcerns,varioussolutionshavebeenproposedtoenableefficientenergy
usage in wireless networks, and these approaches are referred to as green wireless communi-
cations and networking. The term ‘green’ emphasizes the environmental dimension of the
proposed solutions. Hence, it is not sufficient to present a cost-effective solution unless it is
eco-friendly.
Cellular communications is one of the fastest growing and most challenging telecom-
munication applications ever. Today, it represents a large and continuously increasing
percentage of all new telephone subscribers around the world. In the long term,
cellular digital technology may become the universal way of communication.
Someone who wants to get to know the customs of a country frequently
receives the advice to learn the language of that country. Why? Because the dif-
ferences that distinguish the people of one country from those of another are
reflected in the language. For example, the people of the islands of the Pacific
do not have a term for war in their language. Similarly, some native tribes in
the rain forests of the Amazon use up to 100 different terms for the color green.
The aim of this book is to give an integrated presentation of the
specifications for Long term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced radio
interfaces, so that the reader can gain an overview of their main
characteristics.
