All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
標(biāo)簽： Signal Input Fall Rise
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-23
上傳用戶：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
標(biāo)簽： C16x 微控制器 輸入信號(hào) 時(shí)序圖
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-04-02
上傳用戶：han_zh
#include <reg51.h>#include<intrins.h> #define BusY1 (DQ1==0) sbit DQ1 = P0^4; unsigned char idata TMP; unsigned char idata TMP_d; unsigned char f; void wr_ds18_1(char dat);unsigned char rd_ds18_1(); /***************延時(shí)程序，單位us,大于10us*************/void time_delay(unsigned char time){ time=time-10; time=time/6; while(time!=0)time--;} /*****************************************************//* reset ds18b20 *//*****************************************************/void ds_reset_1(void){ unsigned char idata count=0; DQ1=0; time_delay(240); time_delay(240); DQ1=1; return;}
標(biāo)簽： 18b20 C51 芯片 溫度測(cè)量
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-29
上傳用戶：sssnaxie
基于usB接口的數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)Design and Implementation of usB-Based Data Acquisition Module路 永 伸(天津科技大學(xué)電子信息與自動(dòng)化學(xué)院，天津300222)摘要文中給出基于usB接口的數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)。硬件設(shè)計(jì)采用以Adpc831與PDIusBDI2為主的器件進(jìn)行硬件設(shè)計(jì)，采用Windriver開發(fā)usB驅(qū)動(dòng)，并用Visual C十十6.0對(duì)主機(jī)軟件中硬件接口操作部分進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫封裝。關(guān)鍵詞usB 數(shù)據(jù)采集Adpc831 PDNSBDI2 Windriver動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫Abstract T hed esigna ndim plementaitono fU SB-BasedD ataA cquisiitonM oduleis g iven.Th ec hips oluitonm ainlyw ithA dpc831a ndP DTusBD12i sused for hardware design. The usB drive is developed場(chǎng)Wmdriver, and the operation on the hardware interface is packaged into Dynamic Link Libraries場(chǎng)Visual C++6.0. Keywords usB DataA cquisition Adttc831 PDfusBD12 Windriver0 引言us B總 線 是新一代接口總線，最初推出的目的是為了統(tǒng)一取代PC機(jī)的各類外設(shè)接口，迄今經(jīng)歷了1.0,1.1與2.0版本3個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在國內(nèi)基于usB總線的相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)與開發(fā)也得到了快速的發(fā)展，很多設(shè)計(jì)者從各自的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，用不同方案設(shè)計(jì)出了相應(yīng)的裝置[1,2]。數(shù)據(jù)采集是工業(yè)控制中一個(gè)普遍而重要的環(huán)節(jié)，因此開發(fā)基于usB接口的數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)應(yīng)用意義。雖然 us B總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到2.0版本，但由于工業(yè)控制現(xiàn)場(chǎng)干擾信號(hào)的情況比較復(fù)雜，高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)目煽啃圆蝗菀妆槐ＷC，并且很多場(chǎng)合對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)采集的實(shí)時(shí)性要求并不高，開發(fā)2.0標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品的成本又較1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)品高，所以筆者認(rèn)為，在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域，目前開發(fā)基于usB總線1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊的實(shí)用意義大于相應(yīng)2.0標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊。
標(biāo)簽： usB 接口 數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-23
上傳用戶：q3290766
摘 要 瞬態(tài)仿真領(lǐng)域的許多工作需要獲得可視化數(shù)據(jù), 仿真電路不能將輸出參數(shù)繪制成圖形時(shí)研究工作將受到很大影響. 而權(quán)威電路仿真軟件PSpice 在這個(gè)方面不盡如人意. 本文提出了一種有效的解決辦法: 通過MATLAB 編程搭建一個(gè)PSpice 與MATLAB 的數(shù)據(jù)接口,使PSpice輸出數(shù)據(jù)文件可以導(dǎo)入到MATLAB中繪制圖形. 這令我們能夠很方便地獲得數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)律以有效地分析仿真結(jié)果, 這項(xiàng)技術(shù)對(duì)于教學(xué)和工程實(shí)踐都有比較實(shí)際的幫助.關(guān)鍵詞: 瞬態(tài)仿真 仿真程序 PSpice MATLAB 可視化數(shù)據(jù)The Data Transfer from Pspice to MATLABWu hao Ning yuanzhong Liang yingAbstract Many works in the area of transient simulation has shown how a emulator such asPSpice can be interfaced to an control analysis package such as MATLAB to get viewdata. Thepaper describes how such interfaces can be made using the MATLAB programming. The platformas a typical platform will solve the problem that PSpice software sometimes can not draw the datato a picture. It can make us find the rule from numerous data very expediently, so we can analyzethe outcome of the simulation. And it also can be used in the field of education.Keywords Transient Simulation Emulator PSpice MATLAB Viewdata1 引言科學(xué)研究和工程應(yīng)用常需要進(jìn)行電路仿真 PSpice可進(jìn)行直流 交流 瞬態(tài)等基本電路特性分析 也可進(jìn)行蒙托卡諾 MC 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 最壞情況 Wcase 分析 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)等復(fù)雜電路特性分析 它是國際上仿真電路的權(quán)威軟件 而MATLAB的主要特點(diǎn)有 高效方便的矩陣和數(shù)組運(yùn)算 編程效率高 結(jié)構(gòu)化面向?qū)ο?方便的繪圖功能 用戶使用方便 工具箱功能強(qiáng)大 兩者各有著重點(diǎn) 兩種軟件結(jié)合應(yīng)用 對(duì)研究工作有很重要的意義香港理工大學(xué)Y. S. LEE 等人首先將PSpice和MATLAB結(jié)合 開發(fā)了電力電子電路優(yōu)化用的CAD 程序MATSPICE[6] 將兩者相結(jié)合的關(guān)鍵在于 如何用MATLAB 獲取PSpice的仿真數(shù)據(jù) 對(duì)此參考文獻(xiàn) 6 里沒有詳細(xì)敘述 本文著重說明用MATLAB 讀取PSpice仿真數(shù)據(jù)的具體方法本論文利用MATLAB對(duì)PSpice仿真出的數(shù)據(jù)處理繪制出后者無法得到或是效果不好的仿真圖形 下面就兩者結(jié)合使用的例子 進(jìn)行具體說明
標(biāo)簽： MATLAB PSpice 數(shù)據(jù) 接口技術(shù)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-20
上傳用戶：wuchunzhong
usB接口控制器參考設(shè)計(jì),xilinx提供VHDL代碼 usb xilinx vhdl ; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify ; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or ; (at your option) any later version. ; ; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ; GNU General Public License for more details. ; ; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ; along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software ; Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, usA.
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-12
上傳用戶：windgate
In today’s world of modular networking and telecommunications design, it is becomingincreasingly difficult to keep alignment with the many different and often changing interfaces,both inter-board and intra-board. Each manufacturer has their own spin on the way in whichdevices are connected. To satisfy the needs of our customers, we must be able to support alltheir interface requirements. For us to be able to make products for many customers, we mustadopt a modular approach to the design. This modularity is the one issue that drives the majorproblem of shifting our bits from one modular interface to another.
標(biāo)簽： 150 WP 兆兆 網(wǎng)絡(luò)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-25
上傳用戶：suicone
Abstract: The number of uses for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is growing—they allow us todo jobs once considered impossible. This tutorial explains the applications for MEMS and the increasingneed to provide precision control and drivers for these devices. Design and manufacturing considerationsare also discussed.
標(biāo)簽： MEMS 微機(jī)電系統(tǒng) 控制驅(qū)動(dòng)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-12
上傳用戶：paladin
This book evolved over the past ten years from a set of lecture notes developed while teaching the undergraduate Algorithms course at Berkeley and U.C. San Diego. Our way of teaching this course evolved tremendously over these years in a number of directions, partly to address our students' background (undeveloped formal skills outside of programming), and partly to reect the maturing of the eld in general, as we have come to see it. The notes increasingly crystallized into a narrative, and we progressively structured the course to emphasize the ?story line? implicit in the progression of the material. As a result, the topics were carefully selected and clustered. No attempt was made to be encyclopedic, and this freed us to include topics traditionally de-emphasized or omitted from most Algorithms books.
標(biāo)簽： Algorithms 算法
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-11
上傳用戶：JamesB
注:1.這篇文章斷斷續(xù)續(xù)寫了很久,畫圖技術(shù)也不精,難免錯(cuò)漏,大家湊合看.有問題可以留言. 2.論壇排版把我的代碼縮進(jìn)全弄沒了,大家將代碼粘貼到arduino編譯器,然后按ctrl+T重新格式化代碼格式即可看的舒服. 一、什么是PWM PWM 即Pulse Wavelength Modulation 脈寬調(diào)制波，通過調(diào)整輸出信號(hào)占空比，從而達(dá)到改 變輸出平均電壓的目的。相信Arduino 的PWM 大家都不陌生，在Arduino Duemilanove 2009 中，有6 個(gè)8 位精度PWM 引腳，分別是3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 腳。我們可以使用analogWrite()控 制PWM 腳輸出頻率大概在500Hz 的左右的PWM 調(diào)制波。分辨率8 位即2 的8 次方等于 256 級(jí)精度。但是有時(shí)候我們會(huì)覺得6 個(gè)PWM 引腳不夠用。比如我們做一個(gè)10 路燈調(diào)光， 就需要有10 個(gè)PWM 腳。Arduino Duemilanove 2009 有13 個(gè)數(shù)字輸出腳，如果它們都可以 PWM 的話，就能滿足條件了。于是本文介紹用軟件模擬PWM。 二、Arduino 軟件模擬PWM Arduino PWM 調(diào)壓原理：PWM 有好幾種方法。而Arduino 因?yàn)殡娫春蛯?shí)現(xiàn)難度限制，一般 使用周期恒定，占空比變化的單極性PWM。 通過調(diào)整一個(gè)周期里面輸出腳高/低電平的時(shí)間比（即是占空比）去獲得給一個(gè)用電器不同 的平均功率。 如圖所示，假設(shè)PWM 波形周期1ms（即1kHz），分辨率1000 級(jí)。那么需要一個(gè)信號(hào)時(shí)間 精度1ms/1000=1us 的信號(hào)源，即1MHz。所以說，PWM 的實(shí)現(xiàn)難點(diǎn)在于需要使用很高頻的 信號(hào)源，才能獲得快速與高精度。下面先由一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的PWM 程序開始： const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; for(int i = 0; i < 255; i++) { if(i < bright) { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(30); } else { digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(30); } } } 這是一個(gè)軟件PWM 控制Arduino D13 引腳的例子。只需要一塊Arduino 即可測(cè)試此代碼。 程序解析：由for 循環(huán)可以看出，完成一個(gè)PWM 周期，共循環(huán)255 次。 假設(shè)bright=100 時(shí)候，在第0~100 次循環(huán)中，i 等于1 到99 均小于bright，于是輸出PWMPin 高電平； 然后第100 到255 次循環(huán)里面，i 等于100~255 大于bright，于是輸出PWMPin 低電平。無 論輸出高低電平都保持30us。 那么說，如果bright=100 的話，就有100 次循環(huán)是高電平，155 次循環(huán)是低電平。 如果忽略指令執(zhí)行時(shí)間的話，這次的PWM 波形占空比為100/255，如果調(diào)整bright 的值， 就能改變接在D13 的LED 的亮度。 這里設(shè)置了每次for 循環(huán)之后，將bright 加一，并且當(dāng)bright 加到255 時(shí)歸0。所以，我們 看到的最終效果就是LED 慢慢變亮，到頂之后然后突然暗回去重新變亮。 這是最基本的PWM 方法，也應(yīng)該是大家想的比較多的想法。 然后介紹一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單一點(diǎn)的。思維風(fēng)格完全不同。不過對(duì)于驅(qū)動(dòng)一個(gè)LED 來說，效果與上面 的程序一樣。 const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(bright*30); digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds((255 - bright)*30); if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; } 可以看出，這段代碼少了一個(gè)For 循環(huán)。它先輸出一個(gè)高電平，然后維持(bright*30)us。然 后輸出一個(gè)低電平，維持時(shí)間((255-bright)*30)us。這樣兩次高低就能完成一個(gè)PWM 周期。 分辨率也是255。 三、多引腳PWM Arduino 本身已有PWM 引腳并且運(yùn)行起來不占CPU 時(shí)間，所以軟件模擬一個(gè)引腳的PWM 完全沒有實(shí)用意義。我們軟件模擬的價(jià)值在于：他能將任意的數(shù)字IO 口變成PWM 引腳。 當(dāng)一片Arduino 要同時(shí)控制多個(gè)PWM，并且沒有其他重任務(wù)的時(shí)候，就要用軟件PWM 了。 多引腳PWM 有一種下面的方式： int brights[14] = {0}; //定義14個(gè)引腳的初始亮度，可以隨意設(shè)置 int StartPWMPin = 0, EndPWMPin = 13; //設(shè)置D0~D13為PWM 引腳 int PWMResolution = 255; //設(shè)置PWM 占空比分辨率 void setup() { //定義所有IO 端輸出 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { pinMode(i, OUTPUT); //隨便定義個(gè)初始亮度,便于觀察 brights[ i ] = random(0, 255); } } void loop() { //這for 循環(huán)是為14盞燈做漸亮的。每次Arduino loop()循環(huán)， //brights 自增一次。直到brights=255時(shí)候，將brights 置零重新計(jì)數(shù)。 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { if((brights[i]++) == PWMResolution) brights[i] = 0; } for(int i = 0; i <= PWMResolution; i++) //i 是計(jì)數(shù)一個(gè)PWM 周期 { for(int j = StartPWMPin; j <= EndPWMPin; j++) //每個(gè)PWM 周期均遍歷所有引腳 { if(i < brights[j])\ 所以我們要更改PWM 周期的話，我們將精度（代碼里面的變量：PWMResolution）降低就行，比如一般調(diào)整LED 亮度的話，我們用64 級(jí)精度就行。這樣速度就是2x32x64=4ms。就不會(huì)閃了。
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-08
上傳用戶：dingdingcandy
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