微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)裝置
四川理工學(xué)院 劉鵬飛、梁天德、曾學(xué)明
摘要:
本設(shè)計(jì)以TI的Launch Pad為核心板,采用鎖相放大技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)并制作了一套微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)裝置,用以檢測(cè)在強(qiáng)噪聲背景下已知頻率微弱正弦波信號(hào)的幅度值,并在液晶屏上數(shù)字顯示出所測(cè)信號(hào)相應(yīng)的幅度值。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示其抗干擾能力強(qiáng),測(cè)量精度高。
關(guān)鍵詞:強(qiáng)噪聲;微弱信號(hào);鎖相放大;Launch Pad
Abstract:
This design is based on the Launch Pad of TI core board, using a lock-in amplifier technique designed and produced a weak signal detection device, to measure the known frequency sine wave signal amplitude values of the weak in the high noise background, and shows the measured signal amplitude of the corresponding value in the liquid crystal screen. Test results showed that it has high accuracy and strong anti-jamming capability.
Keywords: weak signal detection; lock-in-amplifier; Launch Pad
1、引言
隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在科研與生產(chǎn)過程中人們?cè)絹碓叫枰獜膹?fù)雜高強(qiáng)度的噪聲中檢測(cè)出有用的微弱信號(hào),因此對(duì)微弱信號(hào)的檢測(cè)成為當(dāng)前科研的熱點(diǎn)。微弱信號(hào)并不意味著信號(hào)幅度小,而是指被噪聲淹沒的信號(hào),“微弱”也僅是相對(duì)于噪聲而言的。只有在有效抑制噪聲的條件下有選擇的放大微弱信號(hào)的幅度,才能提取出有用信號(hào)。微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用相當(dāng)廣泛,在生物醫(yī)學(xué)、光學(xué)、電學(xué)、材料科學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域顯得愈發(fā)重要。
2、方案論證
針對(duì)微弱信號(hào)的檢測(cè)的方法有很多,比如濾波法、取樣積分器、鎖相放大器等。下面就針對(duì)這幾種方法做一簡要說明。
方案一:濾波法。
在大部分的檢測(cè)儀器中都要用到濾波方法對(duì)模擬信號(hào)進(jìn)行一定的處理,例如隔離直流分量,改善信號(hào)波形,防止離散化時(shí)的波形混疊,克服噪聲的不利影響,提高信噪比等。常用的噪聲濾波器有:帶通、帶阻、高通、低通等。但是濾波方法檢測(cè)信號(hào)不能用于信號(hào)頻譜與噪聲頻譜重疊的情況,有其局限性。雖然可以對(duì)濾波器的通頻帶進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),但其噪聲抑制能力有限,同時(shí)其準(zhǔn)確性與穩(wěn)定性將大打折扣。
A MEMS microphone IC is unique among Analog Devices, Inc., products in that its input is an acoustic pressure wave. For this reason, some specifications included in the data sheets for these parts may not be familiar, or familiar specifications may be applied in unfamiliar ways. This application note explains the specifica-tions and terms found in MEMS microphone data sheets so that the microphone can be appropriately designed into a system.
The equal-area theorem●This is sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)●The equal-area theorem can be appliedto realize any shape of waveforms
●Natural sampling●Calculation based on equal-area criterion●Selected harmonic elimination●Regular sampling●Hysteresis-band control●Triangular wave comparison withfeedback control
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要:簡述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB,從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程,分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響,提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞:比損耗系數(shù), 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ,直流偏置特性DC-Bias,總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient,hysteresis constant,DC-Bias,THD 近年來,變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家,在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上,進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作,逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施,促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真(Total harmonic distortion) ,簡稱THD,并不是什么新的概念,早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17-78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中,規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示,利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法,專用于無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng),其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。
圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器,輸出阻抗 150Ω, Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,阻帶衰耗大于61dB, Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30~50KHz 放大器, 阻抗 150Ω, 增益不小于 43 dB,三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表,輸入高阻抗, L ——被測(cè)無心罐形磁心及線圈, C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。
測(cè)量時(shí),所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝, (線架為一格) , 其空心電感值為 318μH(誤差1%) 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后,先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6~40KHz, 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB, 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 (P2)為+17.4 dB,然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平(P3), 則三次諧波衰耗值為:b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中:S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證, 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作,其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器,信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán),阻抗必須匹配,薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成,以保證本身的“潔凈” ,不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求, 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初,1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠,從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié),出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式,改用真空爐,并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬和 100 萬的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料,在此基礎(chǔ)上,還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000~10000材料的突破,從而大大縮短了與國外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM(頻率劃分調(diào)制)向PCM(脈沖編碼調(diào)制) 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期, 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬為 0.8×10 ,100KHz)的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>,其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
Abstract: Impedance mismatches in a radio-frequency (RF) electrical transmission line cause power loss andreflected energy. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a way to measure transmission line imperfections. Thistutorial defines VSWR and explains how it is calculated. Finally, an antenna VSWR monitoring system is shown.
鎖定放大是微弱信號(hào)檢測(cè)的重要手段。基于相關(guān)檢測(cè)理論,利用開關(guān)電容的開關(guān)實(shí)現(xiàn)鎖定放大器中乘法器的功能,提出開關(guān)電容和積分器相結(jié)合以實(shí)現(xiàn)相關(guān)檢測(cè)的方法,并設(shè)計(jì)出一種鎖定放大器。該鎖定放大器將微弱信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)化為與之相關(guān)的方波,通過后續(xù)電路得到正比于被測(cè)信號(hào)的直流電平,為后續(xù)采集處理提供方便。測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)表明鎖定放大器前級(jí)可將10-6 A的電流轉(zhuǎn)換為10-1 V的電壓,后級(jí)通過帶通濾波器級(jí)聯(lián)可將信號(hào)放大1×105倍。該方法在降低噪聲的同時(shí),可對(duì)微弱信號(hào)進(jìn)行放大,線性度較高、穩(wěn)定性較好。
Abstract:
Lock-in Amplifying(LIA)is one of important means for weak signal detection. Based on cross-correlation detection theory, switch in the swithched capacitor was used as multiplier of LIA, and a new method of correlation detection was proposed combining swithched capacitor with integrator. A kind of LIA was designed which can convert the weak signal to square-wave, then DC proportional to measured signal was obtained through follow-up conditioning circuit, providing convenience for signal acquisition and processing. The measured data shows that the electric current(10-6 A) can be changed into voltage(10-1 V) by LIA, and the signal is magnified 1×105 times by cascade band-pass filter. The noise is suppressed and the weak signal is amplified. It has the advantages of good linearity and stability.
數(shù)字控制的交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)所選用的微處理器、功率器件及產(chǎn)生PWM波的方法是影響交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)性能好壞的直接因素。在介紹了正弦脈寬調(diào)制(SPWM)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)了一種以8098單片機(jī)作為控制器,以智能功率模塊IPM為開關(guān)器件的變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)。通過軟件編程,產(chǎn)生正弦脈沖寬度調(diào)制波形來控制絕緣柵雙極晶體管的導(dǎo)通和關(guān)斷,從而達(dá)到控制異步電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的目的。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該系統(tǒng)可調(diào)頻率調(diào)電壓,穩(wěn)定度高,調(diào)速范圍寬,具有較強(qiáng)的實(shí)用價(jià)值
Abstract:
AC variable speed with digital control systems used microprocessors, power devices and generate PWM wave is the direct factors of affecting the performance AC speed regulation system. On the basis of introducing the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technology,this paper designed variable speed system which used 8098 as a controller, intelligent power module IPM as switching device. Through software programming, resulting in sinusoidal pulse width modulation waveform to control the insulated gate bipolar transistor turn on and off, so as to achieve the purpose of speed control of induction motors. Experimental results show that the system can adjust frequency modulation voltage, high stability, wide speed range, has a strong practical value.
介紹一種無極可調(diào)交流電子負(fù)載設(shè)計(jì)的新方法,由ATmega48單片機(jī)輸出PWM波,通過上位機(jī)設(shè)定不同的占空比控制場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管的通斷時(shí)間,即改變流過場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管的平均電流。根據(jù)電流的大小,可以等效為相應(yīng)的負(fù)載,并將采集的電流值顯示在上位機(jī)上。文中對(duì)該系統(tǒng)的軟﹑硬件設(shè)計(jì)思路作了詳細(xì)的分析,闡述了其設(shè)計(jì)原理。
Abstract:
A new type electronic load is introduced.Due to ATmega48 microcomputer output PWM wave.The different duty is set ratio through PC to control FET turn-on time.We can equivalent homologous load according the current and display the current at PC.The hardware and software designing are analysed in detail. The principle is explained and the output is also given.
用戶程序示例教程
The Blinky project is a simple program for the LPC2138using Keil MCB2130 Microcontroller Board.
It blinks the LEDs at speed according to the Potentiometer setting and prints the current seting to the Serial Port 1.In addition it generates a sine wave with an adjustable frequency on the speaker of the board.