Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
CAN（Controller Area Network——控制器局域網(wǎng)）是一種由 CAN 控制器組成的高性能串行數(shù)據(jù)局域通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，是國際上應(yīng)用最廣泛的現(xiàn)場總線之一。它最早由德國 Bosch 公司于 1984 年推出，最初用于汽車內(nèi)部測量與執(zhí)行部件之間的數(shù)據(jù)通信。CAN-bus 總線模型符合 OSI 的 7 層結(jié)構(gòu)；CAN-bus 規(guī)范已被 ISO 估計標準組織制定為國際標準。
微電腦型RS-485顯示電表（24*48mm/48*96mm） 特點： 5位數(shù)RS-485顯示電表 顯示范圍-19999-99999位數(shù) 通訊協(xié)議Modbus RTU模式 寬范圍交直流兩用電源設(shè)計 尺寸小,穩(wěn)定性高 主要規(guī)格： 顯示范圍:-19999~99999 digit RS-485傳輸速度: 19200/9600/4800/2400 selective RS-485通訊位址: "01"-"FF" RS-485通訊協(xié)議: Modbus RTU mode 顯示幕: Red high efficiency LEDs high 10.16 mm (0.4") (MMX-RS-11X) Red high efficiency LEDs high 20.32 mm (0.8") (MMX-RS-12X) Red high efficiency LEDs high 10.16 mm (0.4")x2 (MMX-RS-22X) 參數(shù)設(shè)定方式: Touch switches 記憶方式: Non-volatile E²PROM memory 絕緣耐壓能力: 2KVac/1 min. (input/power) 使用環(huán)境條件: 0-50℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) 存放環(huán)境條件: 0-70℃(20 to 90% RH non-condensed) CE認證: EN 55022:1998/A1:2000 Class A EN 61000-3-2:2000 EN 61000-3-3:1995/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001
