Implementation of Edmonds Karp algorithm that calculates maxFlow of graph.
Input:
For each test case, the first line contains the number of vertices (n) and the number of arcs (m). Then, there exist m lines, one for each arc (source vertex, ending vertex and arc weight, separated by a space). The nodes are numbered from 1 to n. The node 1 and node n should be in different sets. There are no more than 30 arcs and 15 nodes. The arc weights vary between 1 and 1 000 000.
Output:
The output is a single line for each case, with the corresponding minimum size cut.
Example:
Input:
7 11
1 2 3
1 4 3
2 3 4
3 1 3
3 4 1
3 5 2
4 6 6
4 5 2
5 2 1
5 7 1
6 7 9
Output:
5
These codes require an ASCII input file called input.dat of the following form:
Lower Limit on x Upper Limit on x Final Time
Pressure for x<0 when t=0 Density for x<0 when t=0 Speed for x<0 when t=0
Pressure for x>0 when t=0 Density for x>0 when t=0 Speed for x>0 when t=0
These codes produce 8 ASCII output files:
density.out. Density vs. x
entropy.out. Entropy vs. x
mach.out. Mach number vs. x
massflux.out. Mass flux vs. x
pressure.out. Pressure vs. x
sound.out. Speed-of-sound vs. x
velocity.out. Velocity vs. x
waves.out. A description of the solution in terms of the three waves defined in the book (+,-,0).
近些年來，隨著電力電子技術的發展，電力電子系統集成受到越來越多的關注，其中標準化模塊的串并聯技術成為研究熱點之一。輸入并聯輸出串聯型(Input-Parallel and Output-Series，IPOS)組合變換器適用于大功率高輸出電壓的場合。 要保證IPOS組合變換器正常工作，必須保證其各模塊的輸出電壓均衡。本文首先揭示了IPOS組合變換器中每個模塊輸入電流均分和輸出電壓均分之間的關系，在此基礎上提出一種輸出均壓控制方案，該方案對系統輸出電壓調節沒有影響。選擇移相控制全橋(Full-Bridge，FB)變換器作為基本模塊，對n個全橋模塊組成的IPOS組合變換器建立小信號數學模型，推導出采用輸出均壓控制方案的IPOS-FB系統的數學模型，該模型證明各模塊輸出均壓閉環不影響系統輸出電壓閉環的調節，給出了模塊輸出均壓閉環和系統輸出電壓閉環的補償網絡參數設計。對于IPOS組合變換器，采用交錯控制，由于電流紋波抵消效應，輸入濾波電容容量可大大減??；由于電壓紋波抵消作用，在相同的系統輸出電壓紋波下，各模塊的輸出濾波電容可大大減小，由此可以提高變換器的功率密度。 根據所提出的輸出均壓控制策略，在實驗室研制了一臺由兩個1kW全橋模塊組成的IPOS-FB原理樣機，每個模塊輸入電壓為270V，輸出電壓為180V。并進行了仿真和實驗驗證，結果均表明本控制方案是正確有效的。
The MAX5713/MAX5714/MAX5715 4-channel, low-power,8-/10-/12-bit, voltage-output digital-to-analog converters(DACs) include output buffers and an internal referencethat is selectable to be 2.048V, 2.500V, or 4.096V. TheMAX5713/MAX5714/MAX5715 accept a wide supplyvoltage range of 2.7V to 5.5V with extremely low power(3mW) consumption to accommodate most low-voltageapplications. A precision external reference input allowsrail-to-rail operation and presents a 100kI (typ) load toan external reference.
The MAX17600–MAX17605 devices are high-speedMOSFET drivers capable of sinking /sourcing 4A peakcurrents. The devices have various inverting and noninvertingpart options that provide greater flexibility incontrolling the MOSFET. The devices have internal logiccircuitry that prevents shoot-through during output-statchanges. The logic inputs are protected against voltagespikes up to +14V, regardless of VDD voltage. Propagationdelay time is minimized and matched between the dualchannels. The devices have very fast switching time,combined with short propagation delays (12ns typ),making them ideal for high-frequency circuits. Thedevices operate from a +4V to +14V single powersupply and typically consume 1mA of supply current.The MAX17600/MAX17601 have standard TTLinput logic levels, while the MAX17603 /MAX17604/MAX17605 have CMOS-like high-noise margin (HNM)input logic levels. The MAX17600/MAX17603 are dualinverting input drivers, the MAX17601/MAX17604 aredual noninverting input drivers, and the MAX17602 /MAX17605 devices have one noninverting and oneinverting input. These devices are provided with enablepins (ENA, ENB) for better control of driver operation.
The purpose of this application note is to show an example of how a digital potentiometer can be used in thefeedback loop of a step-up DC-DC converter to provide calibration and/or adjustment of the output voltage.The example circuit uses a MAX5025 step-up DC-DC converter (capable of generating up to 36V,120mWmax) in conjunction with a DS1845, 256 position, NV digital potentiometer. For this example, the desiredoutput voltage is 32V, which is generated from an input supply of 5V. The output voltage can be adjusted in35mV increments (near 32V) and span a range wide enough to account for resistance, potentiometer and DCDCconverter tolerances (27.6V to 36.7V).
Abstract: Transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) are widely used to translate the current output of sensors like photodiode-to-voltagesignals, since several circuits and instruments can only accept voltage input. An operational amplifier with a feedback resistor fromoutput to the inverting input is the most straightforward implementation of such a TIA. However, even this simple TIA circuit requirescareful trade-offs among noise gain, offset voltage, bandwidth, and stability. Clearly stability in a TIA is essential for good, reliableperformance. This application note explains the empirical calculations for assessing stability and then shows how to fine-tune theselection of the feedback phase-compensation capacitor.
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
