ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE Jitter is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture Jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect
layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10-
layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended
for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI
Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between
a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in
card attached through a connector.
This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including
design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card
edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help
ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/Jitter and
loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect.
However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily
guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations.
Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to
ensure compliance to all applicable specifications.
The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of
general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout
constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while
the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect
layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10-
layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended
for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI
Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between
a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in
card attached through a connector.
This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including
design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card
edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help
ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/Jitter and
loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect.
However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily
guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations.
Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to
ensure compliance to all applicable specifications.
The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of
general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout
constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while
the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
Frequently, voltage reference stability and noise defi nemeasurement limits in instrumentation systems. In particular,reference noise often sets stable resolution limits.Reference voltages have decreased with the continuingdrop in system power supply voltages, making referencenoise increasingly important. The compressed signalprocessing range mandates a commensurate reductionin reference noise to maintain resolution. Noise ultimatelytranslates into quantization uncertainty in A to D converters,introducing Jitter in applications such as scales, inertialnavigation systems, infrared thermography, DVMs andmedical imaging apparatus. A new low voltage reference,the LTC6655, has only 0.3ppm (775nV) noise at 2.5VOUT.Figure 1 lists salient specifi cations in tabular form. Accuracyand temperature coeffi cient are characteristic ofhigh grade, low voltage references. 0.1Hz to 10Hz noise,particularly noteworthy, is unequalled by any low voltageelectronic reference.
NIST Net – A Linux-based Network Emulation Tool, It is a raw IP packet filter with many controllable channel parameters such as packet loss ratio, Jitter, bandwidth variation, delay, and network buffer size. To simulate different network environments
The TMS320VC5506/C5507/C5509A USB peripherals can be clocked from either the USB APLL or the
USB DPLL. Since the APLL is inherently more noise tolerant and has less long-term Jitter than the DPLL,
it is recommended that you switch to it for any USB operations.
This book addresses two aspects of network operation quality; namely, resource
management and fault management.
Network operation quality is among the functions to be fulfilled in order to offer
quality of service, QoS, to the end user. It is characterized by four parameters:
– packet loss;
– delay;
– Jitter, or the variation of delay over time;
– availability.
Resource management employs mechanisms that enable the first three parameters
to be guaranteed or optimized. Fault management aims to ensure continuity of service.
CPCI_E標準規范 CompactPCI? Express SpecificationThe documents in this section may be useful for reference when reading the specification. The revision listed for each document is the latest revision at the time this specification was published. Newer revisions of these documents may exist, so refer to the newest revision. Many of these documents are referenced throughout this specification. Refer to the newest revision of the document unless a specific revision is referenced. ? PCI Express Base Specification 3.0. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). ? PCI Express Card Electromechanical (CEM) Specification 3.0. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). ? PCI Express to PCI/PCI-X Bridge Specification, Rev. 1.0. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). ? PCI Express Jitter White Paper. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). ? PCIe Rj Dj BER White Paper. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG). ? PHY Electrical Test Specification for PCI Express Architecture. PCI Special Interest Group (PCI SIG). ? System Management Bus (SMBus) Specification, Version 2.0. Smart Battery System Implementer’
