數(shù)字與模擬電路設(shè)計(jì)技巧IC與LSI的功能大幅提升使得高壓電路與電力電路除外，幾乎所有的電路都是由半導(dǎo)體組件所構(gòu)成，雖然半導(dǎo)體組件高速、高頻化時(shí)會(huì)有EMI的困擾，不過(guò)為了充分發(fā)揮半導(dǎo)體組件應(yīng)有的性能，電路板設(shè)計(jì)與封裝技術(shù)仍具有決定性的影響。 模擬與數(shù)字技術(shù)的融合由于IC與LSI半導(dǎo)體本身的高速化，同時(shí)為了使機(jī)器達(dá)到正常動(dòng)作的目的，因此技術(shù)上的跨越競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈。雖然構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)的電路未必有clock設(shè)計(jì)，但是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的是系統(tǒng)的可靠度是建立在電子組件的選用、封裝技術(shù)、電路設(shè)計(jì)與成本，以及如何防止噪訊的產(chǎn)生與噪訊外漏等綜合考慮。機(jī)器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低頻/高頻、大功率信號(hào)/小功率信號(hào)、高輸出阻抗/低輸出阻抗、大電流/小電流、模擬/數(shù)字電路，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)高封裝密度電路板，設(shè)計(jì)者身處如此的環(huán)境必需面對(duì)前所未有的設(shè)計(jì)思維挑戰(zhàn)，例如高穩(wěn)定性電路與吵雜(noisy)性電路為鄰時(shí)，如果未將噪訊入侵高穩(wěn)定性電路的對(duì)策視為設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn)，事后反復(fù)的設(shè)計(jì)變更往往成為無(wú)解的夢(mèng)魘。模擬電路與高速數(shù)字電路混合設(shè)計(jì)也是如此，假設(shè)微小模擬信號(hào)增幅后再將full scale 5V的模擬信號(hào)，利用10bit A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信號(hào)，由于分割幅寬祇有4.9mV，因此要正確讀取該電壓level并非易事，結(jié)果造成10bit以上的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器面臨無(wú)法順利運(yùn)作的窘境。另一典型實(shí)例是使用示波器量測(cè)某數(shù)字電路基板兩點(diǎn)相隔10cm的ground電位，理論上ground電位應(yīng)該是零，然而實(shí)際上卻可觀測(cè)到4.9mV數(shù)倍甚至數(shù)十倍的脈沖噪訊(pulse noise)，如果該電位差是由模擬與數(shù)字混合電路的grand所造成的話，要測(cè)得4.9 mV的信號(hào)根本是不可能的事情，也就是說(shuō)為了使模擬與數(shù)字混合電路順利動(dòng)作，必需在封裝與電路設(shè)計(jì)有相對(duì)的對(duì)策，尤其是數(shù)字電路switching時(shí)，ground vance noise不會(huì)入侵analogue ground的防護(hù)對(duì)策，同時(shí)還需充分檢討各電路產(chǎn)生的電流回路(route)與電流大小，依此結(jié)果排除各種可能的干擾因素。以上介紹的實(shí)例都是設(shè)計(jì)模擬與數(shù)字混合電路時(shí)經(jīng)常遇到的瓶頸，如果是設(shè)計(jì)12bit以上A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器時(shí)，它的困難度會(huì)更加復(fù)雜。
標(biāo)簽： 數(shù)字 模擬電路 設(shè)計(jì)技巧
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-16
上傳用戶：731140412
Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei ZhangThesis submitted to the Faculty of theVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei Zhang(ABSTRACT)This work presents the modeling and analysis of EMI and thermal performancefor switch power supply by using the CAD tools. The methodology and design guidelinesare developed.By using a boost PFC circuit as an example, an equivalent circuit model is builtfor EMI noise prediction and analysis. The parasitic elements of circuit layout andcomponents are extracted analytically or by using CAD tools. Based on the model, circuitlayout and magnetic component design are modified to minimize circuit EMI. EMI filtercan be designed at an early stage without prototype implementation.In the second part, thermal analyses are conducted for the circuit by using thesoftware Flotherm, which includes the mechanism of conduction, convection andradiation. Thermal models are built for the components. Thermal performance of thecircuit and the temperature profile of components are predicted. Improved thermalmanagement and winding arrangement are investigated to reduce temperature.In the third part, several circuit layouts and inductor design examples are checkedfrom both the EMI and thermal point of view. Insightful information is obtained.
標(biāo)簽： EMI 開(kāi)關(guān)電源 英文
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-10
上傳用戶：1595690
|Introduction Basic Concept Tips to layout Power circuit Type of Power circuit Basic Concept Maximum Current calculation Resistance of Copper ideal power supply & noise Capacitor & Inductor Power consumption Function of power circuit
標(biāo)簽： PCB 電源設(shè)計(jì)
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-01-04
上傳用戶：kao21
模塊電源的電氣性能是通過(guò)一系列測(cè)試來(lái)呈現(xiàn)的，下列為一般的功能性測(cè)試項(xiàng)目，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明如下： 電源調(diào)整率(Line Regulation) 負(fù)載調(diào)整率(Load Regulation) 綜合調(diào)整率(Conmine Regulation) 輸出漣波及雜訊(Ripple & Noise) 輸入功率及效率(Input Power, Efficiency) 動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載或暫態(tài)負(fù)載(Dynamic or Transient Response) 起動(dòng)(Set-Up)及保持(Hold-Up)時(shí)間 常規(guī)功能(Functions)測(cè)試 1. 電源調(diào)整率 電源調(diào)整率的定義為電源供應(yīng)器于輸入電壓變化時(shí)提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。測(cè)試步驟如下：于待測(cè)電源供應(yīng)器以正常輸入電壓及負(fù)載狀況下熱機(jī)穩(wěn)定后，分別于低輸入電壓(Min)，正常輸入電壓(Normal)，及高輸入電壓(Max)下測(cè)量并記錄其輸出電壓值。 電源調(diào)整率通常以一正常之固定負(fù)載(Nominal Load)下，由輸入電壓變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率(deviation)的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 2. 負(fù)載調(diào)整率 負(fù)載調(diào)整率的定義為開(kāi)關(guān)電源于輸出負(fù)載電流變化時(shí)，提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。測(cè)試步驟如下：于待測(cè)電源供應(yīng)器以正常輸入電壓及負(fù)載狀況下熱機(jī)穩(wěn)定后，測(cè)量正常負(fù)載下之輸出電壓值，再分別于輕載(Min)、重載(Max)負(fù)載下，測(cè)量并記錄其輸出電壓值(分別為Vo(max)與Vo(min))，負(fù)載調(diào)整率通常以正常之固定輸入電壓下，由負(fù)載電流變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 3. 綜合調(diào)整率 綜合調(diào)整率的定義為電源供應(yīng)器于輸入電壓與輸出負(fù)載電流變化時(shí)，提供其穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的能力。這是電源調(diào)整率與負(fù)載調(diào)整率的綜合，此項(xiàng)測(cè)試系為上述電源調(diào)整率與負(fù)載調(diào)整率的綜合，可提供對(duì)電源供應(yīng)器于改變輸入電壓與負(fù)載狀況下更正確的性能驗(yàn)證。 綜合調(diào)整率用下列方式表示：于輸入電壓與輸出負(fù)載電流變化下，其輸出電壓之偏差量須于規(guī)定之上下限電壓范圍內(nèi)(即輸出電壓之上下限絕對(duì)值以內(nèi))或某一百分比界限內(nèi)。 4. 輸出雜訊 輸出雜訊(PARD)系指于輸入電壓與輸出負(fù)載電流均不變的情況下，其平均直流輸出電壓上的周期性與隨機(jī)性偏差量的電壓值。輸出雜訊是表示在經(jīng)過(guò)穩(wěn)壓及濾波后的直流輸出電壓上所有不需要的交流和噪聲部份(包含低頻之50/60Hz電源倍頻信號(hào)、高于20 KHz之高頻切換信號(hào)及其諧波，再與其它之隨機(jī)性信號(hào)所組成))，通常以mVp-p峰對(duì)峰值電壓為單位來(lái)表示。 一般的開(kāi)關(guān)電源的規(guī)格均以輸出直流輸出電壓的1%以內(nèi)為輸出雜訊之規(guī)格，其頻寬為20Hz到20MHz。電源實(shí)際工作時(shí)最惡劣的狀況(如輸出負(fù)載電流最大、輸入電源電壓最低等)，若電源供應(yīng)器在惡劣環(huán)境狀況下，其輸出直流電壓加上雜訊后之輸出瞬時(shí)電壓，仍能夠維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓不超過(guò)輸出高低電壓界限情形，否則將可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致電源電壓超過(guò)或低于邏輯電路(如TTL電路)之承受電源電壓而誤動(dòng)作，進(jìn)一步造成死機(jī)現(xiàn)象。 同時(shí)測(cè)量電路必須有良好的隔離處理及阻抗匹配，為避免導(dǎo)線上產(chǎn)生不必要的干擾、振鈴和駐波，一般都采用雙同軸電纜并以50Ω于其端點(diǎn)上，并使用差動(dòng)式量測(cè)方法(可避免地回路之雜訊電流)，來(lái)獲得正確的測(cè)量結(jié)果。 5. 輸入功率與效率 電源供應(yīng)器的輸入功率之定義為以下之公式： True Power = Pav(watt) = Vrms x Arms x Power Factor 即為對(duì)一周期內(nèi)其輸入電壓與電流乘積之積分值，需注意的是Watt≠VrmsArms而是Watt=VrmsArmsxP.F.，其中P.F.為功率因素(Power Factor)，通常無(wú)功率因素校正電路電源供應(yīng)器的功率因素在0.6～0.7左右，其功率因素為1～0之間。 電源供應(yīng)器的效率之定義為為輸出直流功率之總和與輸入功率之比值。效率提供對(duì)電源供應(yīng)器正確工作的驗(yàn)證，若效率超過(guò)規(guī)定范圍，即表示設(shè)計(jì)或零件材料上有問(wèn)題，效率太低時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致散熱增加而影響其使用壽命。 6. 動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載或暫態(tài)負(fù)載 一個(gè)定電壓輸出的電源，于設(shè)計(jì)中具備反饋控制回路，能夠?qū)⑵漭敵鲭妷哼B續(xù)不斷地維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓。由于實(shí)際上反饋控制回路有一定的頻寬，因此限制了電源供應(yīng)器對(duì)負(fù)載電流變化時(shí)的反應(yīng)。若控制回路輸入與輸出之相移于增益(Unity Gain)為1時(shí)，超過(guò)180度，則電源供應(yīng)器之輸出便會(huì)呈現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定、失控或振蕩之現(xiàn)象。實(shí)際上，電源供應(yīng)器工作時(shí)的負(fù)載電流也是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的，而不是始終維持不變(例如硬盤(pán)、軟驅(qū)、CPU或RAM動(dòng)作等)，因此動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載測(cè)試對(duì)電源供應(yīng)器而言是極為重要的。可編程序電子負(fù)載可用來(lái)模擬電源供應(yīng)器實(shí)際工作時(shí)最惡劣的負(fù)載情況，如負(fù)載電流迅速上升、下降之斜率、周期等，若電源供應(yīng)器在惡劣負(fù)載狀況下，仍能夠維持穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓不產(chǎn)生過(guò)高激(Overshoot)或過(guò)低(Undershoot)情形，否則會(huì)導(dǎo)致電源之輸出電壓超過(guò)負(fù)載組件(如TTL電路其輸出瞬時(shí)電壓應(yīng)介于4.75V至5.25V之間，才不致引起TTL邏輯電路之誤動(dòng)作)之承受電源電壓而誤動(dòng)作，進(jìn)一步造成死機(jī)現(xiàn)象。 7. 啟動(dòng)時(shí)間與保持時(shí)間 啟動(dòng)時(shí)間為電源供應(yīng)器從輸入接上電源起到其輸出電壓上升到穩(wěn)壓范圍內(nèi)為止的時(shí)間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應(yīng)器為例，啟動(dòng)時(shí)間為從電源開(kāi)機(jī)起到輸出電壓達(dá)到4.75V為止的時(shí)間。 保持時(shí)間為電源供應(yīng)器從輸入切斷電源起到其輸出電壓下降到穩(wěn)壓范圍外為止的時(shí)間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應(yīng)器為例，保持時(shí)間為從關(guān)機(jī)起到輸出電壓低于4.75V為止的時(shí)間，一般值為17ms或20ms以上，以避免電力公司供電中于少了半周或一周之狀況下而受影響。 8. 其它 在電源具備一些特定保護(hù)功能的前提下，還需要進(jìn)行保護(hù)功能測(cè)試，如過(guò)電壓保護(hù)(OVP)測(cè)試、短路保護(hù)測(cè)試、過(guò)功保護(hù)等
標(biāo)簽： 模塊電源 參數(shù) 指標(biāo) 測(cè)試方法
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-22
上傳用戶：zouxinwang
Abstract: There are differences between the operation of low-frequency AC transformers and electronic transformersthat supply current to MR16 lamps, and there are also differences in the current draw for MR16 halogen lamps andMR16 LED lamps. These contrasts typically prevent an MR16 LED lamp from operating with most electronictransformers. This article explains how a high-brightness (HB) LED driver optimized for MR16 lamps will allow LEDlamps to be compatible with most electronic transformers.A similar version of this article appeared on Display Plus, July 7, 2012 and in German in Elektronikpraxis, October 1,2012.
標(biāo)簽： LED MR 16 驅(qū)動(dòng)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-14
上傳用戶：playboys0
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits narrow-spectrum incoherent light when forward-biased.The color of the emitted light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconductor material used, and can benear-ultraviolet, visible or infrared. LEDs are more prevalent today than ever before, replacing traditional incandescent andfluorescent bulbs in many lighting applications. Incandescents use a heated filament, are subject to breakage and burnoutand operate at a luminous efficiency of 2% to 4%. Fluorescents are more efficient, at 7% to 12%, but require highdrive voltage and contain mercury, a toxic substance that may be eventually banned in certain countries. LEDs, however,produce light directly through electroluminescence, operate at low voltage and can deliver over 20% luminous efficiency.
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-07
上傳用戶：xiaoyuer
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
標(biāo)簽： 電源工程師 電路設(shè)計(jì)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-18
上傳用戶：zhouxuepeng1
Abstract: This document details the Lakewood (MAXREFDES7#) subsystem reference design, a 3.3V input, ±12V (±15V) output, isolated power supply. The Lakewood reference design includes a 3W primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies, and two wide input range and adjustable output low-dropout linear regulators (LDOs). Test results and hardware files are included.
標(biāo)簽： MAXREFDES Lakewood Isolated Output
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-02
上傳用戶：fengzimili
Abstract: This document details the Riverside (MAXREFDES8#) subsystem reference design, a 3.3V input, 12V (15V) output, isolated power supply. The Riverside reference design includes a 3W primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies, and one wide input range and adjustable output low-dropout linear regulator (LDO). Test results and hardware files are included.
標(biāo)簽： Riverside MAXREFDES Isolated Output
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-16
上傳用戶：會(huì)稽劍客
Abstract: This document details the Oceanside (MAXREFDES9#) subsystem reference design, a 3.3V to 15V input,±15V (±12V) output, isolated power supply. The Oceanside design includes a high-efficiency step-up controller, a36V H-bridge transformer driver for isolated supplies, a wide input range, and adjustable output low-dropout linearregulator (LDO). Test results and hardware files are included.
標(biāo)簽： 隔離電源 設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-12
上傳用戶：jinyao
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