This is an extension of Sign example. You can deSign your own traffic Sign by using Verilog. And the result from Verilog can be seen by the attached C file.
Top module name : SHIFTER (File name : SHIFTER.v)
2. Input pins: SHIFT [3:0], IN [15:0], Sign, RIGHT.
3. Output pins: OUT [15:0].
4. Input Signals generated from test pattern are latched in one cycle and are
synchronized at clock rising edge.
5. The SHIFT Signal describes the shift number. The shift range is 0 to 15.
6. When the Signal RIGHT is high, it shifts input data to right. On the other hand, it
shifts input data to left.
7. When the Signal Sign is high, the input data is a Signed number and it shifts with
Sign extension. However, the input data is an unSigned number if the Signal Sign
is low.
8. You can only use following gates in Table I and need to include the delay
information (Tplh, Tphl) in your deSign.
Top module name : SHIFTER (File name : SHIFTER.v)
2. Input pins: SHIFT [3:0], IN [15:0], Sign, RIGHT.
3. Output pins: OUT [15:0].
4. Input Signals generated from test pattern are latched in one cycle and are
synchronized at clock rising edge.
5. The SHIFT Signal describes the shift number. The shift range is 0 to 15.
6. When the Signal RIGHT is high, it shifts input data to right. On the other hand, it
shifts input data to left.
7. When the Signal Sign is high, the input data is a Signed number and it shifts with
Sign extension. However, the input data is an unSigned number if the Signal Sign
is low.
8. You can only use following gates in Table I and need to include the delay
information (Tplh, Tphl) in your deSign.
現實生活中的語音不可避免的要受到周圍環境的影響，背景噪聲例如機械噪聲、街頭音樂噪音，其他說話者的話音等均會嚴重地影響語音信號的質量：此外傳輸系統本身也會產生各種噪聲，因此接收端的信號為帶噪語音信號。混疊在語音信號中的噪聲按類別可分為環境噪聲等的加法性噪聲及電器線路干擾等的乘法性噪聲；按性質可分為平穩噪聲和非平穩噪聲。 語音增強的根本目的就是凈化語音質量。把不需要的噪音減低到最小程度。但是由于噪音的復雜性，很難歸納出一個統一的特征，因此不可能尋求一種算法完全適應于所有的噪音消除，因此語音增強是一個復雜的工程。 有關抗噪聲技術的研究以及實際環境下的語音信號處理系統的開發，在國內外已經成為語音信號處理非常重要的研究課題，已經作了大量的研究工作，取得了豐富的研究成果。本文僅對加性噪聲下的語音增強技術做了較為仔細的討論，我們先給出語音信號處理的基本理論，它是語音增強算法研究和實現的理論基礎，在此基礎總結了自適應信號處理技術的特點以及在語音增強方面的應用。選取工程領域最常用的自適應LMS濾波算法和RLS濾波算法作為研究對象，提出了利用最小均方誤差意義下自適應濾波器的輸出信號與主通道噪聲信號的等效關系，得到濾波器最佳自適應參數的方法，并分析了在平穩和非平穩噪聲環境下，L M S濾波器族和R L S濾波器在不同噪音輸入下的權系數收斂速度、權系數穩定性、跟蹤輸入信號的能力和信噪比的改善等特性。 研究了MATLAB語言程序設計和使用MALTLAB對語音算法進行仿真、并輸入了多種實際環境下的噪音進行濾波仿真并對仿真的結果進行比較和分析。總結出了LMS、NLMS、Sign-ERROR-LMS、RLS自適應濾波器在語音濾波方面的特點 和應用情況。 最后在MATLAB仿真的基礎上，利用Altera公司的Cyclone2系列FPGA芯片和多種EDA工具，完成了L M S自適應濾波器的FPGA設計。 關鍵詞：語音增強，背景噪音，自適應濾波器，LMS，RLS，FPGA
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose Signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
設計一種基于ATmega16L單片機的溫度控制系統，闡述該系統的軟硬件設計方案。采用模塊化設計方法，利用增量式PID算法使被控對象的溫度值趨于給定值。實驗結果表明該系統具有良好的檢測和控制功能。 Abstract: This paper deSigns a temperature control system based on ATmega16L，describes the hardware and software de－Sign scheme of the system，adopts the modularized deSign method and utilizes the incremental PID algorithm to realize the temperature of controlled device incline to the given value.The experiment result indicates that the system has good detec－tion and control function
