The CommScope InstaPATCH? 360 and ReadyPATCH? solutions utilize a
standards-compliant multi-fiber connector to provide high density termination
capability. The connector is called an MPO (Multi-fiber Push On) connector by
the standards. In many cases, multi-fiber connector products are referred to as
MTP connectors. This document is intended to clarify the difference between the two TERMS – MPO and MTP.
In this paper we present a classifier called bi-density twin support vector machines (BDTWSVMs) for data classification. In the training stage, BDTWSVMs first compute the relative density degrees for all training points using the intra-class graph whose weights are determined by a local scaling heuristic strategy, then optimize a pair of nonparallel hyperplanes through two smaller sized support vector machine (SVM)-typed problems. In the prediction stage, BDTWSVMs assign to the class label depending
on the kernel density degree-based distances from each test point to the two hyperplanes. BDTWSVMs not only inherit good properties from twin support vector machines (TWSVMs) but also give good description for data points. The experimental results on toy as well as publicly available datasets
indicate that BDTWSVMs compare favorably with classical SVMs and TWSVMs in TERMS of generalization
We review the current applications of photonic technologies to Smart Cities. Inspired
by the future needs of Smart Cities, we then propose potential applications of advanced
photonic technologies. We find that photonics already has a major impact on Smart
Cities, in TERMS of smart lighting, sensing, and communication technologies. We further
find that advanced photonic technologies could lead to vastly improved infrastructure,
such as smart water‐supply systems. We conclude by proposing directions for future
research that will have the greatest impact on realizing Smart City initiatives.
Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising technology for maximizing the utiliza-
tion of the limited radio bandwidth while accommodating the increasing amount of
services and applications in wireless networks. A cognitive radio (CR) transceiver
is able to adapt to the dynamic radio environment and the network parameters to
maximize the utilization of the limited radio resources while providing flexibility in
wireless access. The key features of a CR transceiver are awareness of the radio envi-
ronment (in TERMS of spectrum usage, power spectral density of transmitted/received
signals, wireless protocol signaling) and intelligence.
Someone who wants to get to know the customs of a country frequently
receives the advice to learn the language of that country. Why? Because the dif-
ferences that distinguish the people of one country from those of another are
reflected in the language. For example, the people of the islands of the Pacific
do not have a term for war in their language. Similarly, some native tribes in
the rain forests of the Amazon use up to 100 different TERMS for the color green.
The purpose of this book is to introduce the concept of the Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) radio channel, which is an intelligent communication method based upon using
multiple antennas. The book opens by explaining MIMO in layman’s TERMS to help stu-
dents and people in industry working in related areas become easily familiarised with the
concept. Therefore the structure of the book will be carefully arranged to allow a user to
progress steadily through the chapters and understand the fundamental and mathematical
principles behind MIMO through the visual and explanatory way in which they will be
written. It is the intention that several references will also be provided, leading to further
reading in this highly researched technology.
Without doubt, the age of information communications is upon 11s. The rapid
pace of technological advancement in digital data communications can be wit-
nessed in a multitude of applications in our day-to-day existence. In recent
years, the widespread proliferation of wireless digital cornmunications hass been
readily accepted by the general population worldwide; this is nearly unpa~rallcled
in few other human scientific achievements in TERMS of scope and speed of devel-
opment.
Until the mid-1990s most readers would probably not have even come across the term soft-
ware defined radio (SDR), let alone had an idea what it referred to. Since then SDR has made
the transition from obscurity to mainstream, albeit still with many different understandings of
the TERMS – software radio, software defined radio, software based radio, reconfigurable radio.
In Helsinki during a visiting lecture, an internationally well-known professor in communica-
tionssaid,‘Inthecommunicationssocietywehavemanagedtoconvertourproposalsandideas
to real products, not like in the control engineering society. They have very nice papers and
strong mathematics but most of the real systems still use the old PID controllers!’. As our
background is mainly in control as well as communications engineering, we know that this
thought is not very accurate. We agree that most of the practical controllers are analog and
digital PID controllers, simply because they are very reliable and able to achieve the required
control goals successfully. Most of the controllers can be explained in TERMS of PID. The
reasons behind this impressive performance of PID will be explained in Chapter 2.
Before I can present design concepts or tactical wireless communications and network
challenges, I feel the need to mention the challenges of writing for a field where some
information is not available for public domain and cannot be included in this book’s context.
Another challenge is the use of military jargon and the extensive number of abbreviations
(and abbreviations of abbreviations!) in the field. Engineering books are naturally dry, and I
have attempted to make it light by presenting the concepts in layman’s TERMS before diving
into the technical details. I am structuring this book in such a way as to make it useful for
a specialized graduate course in tactical communications and networking, or as a reference
book in the field.
