Modeling and simulation of nonlinear systems provide communication system designers
with a tool to predict and verify overall system performance under nonlinearity and
complex communication signals. Traditionally, RF system designers use deterministic
signals (discrete tones), which can be implemented in circuit simulators, to predict the
performance of their nonlinear circuits/systems. However, RF system designers are usually
faced with the problem of predicting system performance when the input to the system
is real-world communication signals which have a random nature.
Wireless means different things to different people. For this book, it refers
to the radio systems that provide point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and
Earth-space communications over transmission links that propagate outside
buildings through the lower atmosphere. Wireless systems are being built
that provide data transmission between computers and other devices on
one’s own desk. These are part of the wireless world but not the part where,
except for interference perhaps, the atmosphere has any influence. The intent
of this book is to provide a description of the physical phenomena that can
affect propagation through the atmosphere, present sample measurements
and statistics, and provide models that system designers can use to calculate
their link budgets and estimate the limitations the atmosphere may place on
their design.
The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique provides higher bit rates
and better reliability in wireless systems. The efficient design of RF transceivers
has a vital impact on the implementation of this technique. This first book is com-
pletely devoted to RF transceiver design for MIMO communications. The book
covers the most recent research in practical design and applications and can be
an important resource for graduate students, wireless designers, and practical
engineers.
Wireless communications has become a field of enormous scientific and economic interest. Recent
success stories include 2G and 3G cellular voice and data services (e.g., GSM and UMTS), wireless
local area networks (WiFi/IEEE 802.11x), wireless broadband access (WiMAX/IEEE 802.16x), and
digital broadcast systems (DVB, DAB, DRM). On the physical layer side, traditional designs typically
assume that the radio channel remains constant for the duration of a data block. However, researchers
and system designers are increasingly shifting their attention to channels that may vary within a block.
In addition to time dispersion caused by multipath propagation, these rapidly time-varying channels
feature frequency dispersion resulting from the Doppler effect. They are, thus, often referred to as
being “doubly dispersive.”
The explosion in demand for wireless services experienced over the past 20 years
has put significant pressure on system designers to increase the capacity of the
systems being deployed. While the spectral resource is very scarce and practically
exhausted, the biggest possibilities are predicted to be in the areas of spectral reuse
by unlicensed users or in exploiting the spatial dimension of the wireless channels.
The former approach is now under intense development and is known as the cogni-
tive radio approach (Haykin 2005).
This effort started as an answer to the numerous questions the authors have
repeatedly had to answer about electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and
input/output (1/0) designs. In the past no comprehensive book existed suffi-
ciently covering these areas, and these topics were rarely taught in engineering
schools. Thus first-time I/O and ESD protection designers have had consider-
able trouble getting started. This book is in part an answer to such needs.
Since electronic equipment was first developed, static electricity has been a
source of problems for users and designers. In the last few years, however,
electrostatic discharge (ESD) has become a source of major problems. This
has occurred because newer electronic devices, such as integrated circuits,
are much more susceptible to ESD problems than previous devices, such as
vacuum tubes. Another trend compounding this ESD susceptibility problem
is the spread of sophisticated equipment into home and office environments
where ESD is quite common.
Since its release, Arduino has become more than just a development platform; it has become a culture built around
the idea of open source and open hardware, and one that is reimagining computer science and education. Arduino has
opened hardware development by making the starting skills easy to obtain, but retaining the complexities of real-world
application. This combination makes Arduino a perfect environment for school students, seasoned developers, and
designers. This is the first Arduino book to hold the title of “Pro,” and demonstrates skills and concepts that are used by
developers in a more advanced setting. Going beyond projects, this book provides examples that demonstrate concepts
that can be easily integrated into many different projects and provide inspiration for future ones. The focus of this book
is as a transition from the intermediate to the professional.
This document provides general hardware and layoutconsiderations and guidelines for hardware engineersimplementing a DDR3 memory subsystem.The rules and recommendations in this document serve as aninitial baseline for board designers to begin their specificimplementations, such as fly-by memory topology.
