Linear Technology’s high performance battery management ICsenable long battery life and run time, while providing precision charging control, constantstatus monitoring and stringent battery protection. Our proprietary design techniques seamlesslymanage multiple input sources while providing small solution footprints, faster charging and100% standalone operation. Battery and circuit protection features enable improved thermalperformance and high reliability operation.
Each year Vishay releases thousands of new components that enable our customers to create new and superior end products. We recognize that offering unique component solutions helps improve the performance of next-generation devices, overcome technical barriers, and create new markets.
The PCA9555 is a 24-pin CMOS device that provides 16 bits of General Purpose parallelInput/Output (GPIO) expansion for I2C-bus/SMBus applications and was developed toenhance the NXP Semiconductors family of I2C-bus I/O expanders. The improvementsinclude higher drive capability, 5 V I/O tolerance, lower supply current, individual I/Oconfiguration, and smaller packaging. I/O expanders provide a simple solution whenadditional I/O is needed for ACPI power switches, sensors, push buttons, LEDs, fans, etc.The PCA9555 consists of two 8-bit Configuration (Input or Output selection); Input, Outputand Polarity Inversion (active HIGH or active LOW operation) registers. The systemmaster can enable the I/Os as either inputs or outputs by writing to the I/O configurationbits. The data for each Input or Output is kept in the corresponding Input or Outputregister. The polarity of the read register can be inverted with the Polarity Inversionregister. All registers can be read by the system master. Although pin-to-pin and I2C-busaddress compatible with the PCF8575, software changes are required due to theenhancements, and are discussed in Application Note AN469.
The PCA9557 is a silicon CMOS circuit which provides parallel input/output expansion for
SMBus and I2C-bus applications. The PCA9557 consists of an 8-bit input port register,
8-bit output port register, and an I2C-bus/SMBus interface. It has low current consumption
and a high-impedance open-drain output pin, IO0.
The system master can enable the PCA9557’s I/O as either input or output by writing to
the configuration register. The system master can also invert the PCA9557 inputs by
writing to the active HIGH polarity inversion register. Finally, the system master can reset
the PCA9557 in the event of a time-out by asserting a LOW in the reset input.
The power-on reset puts the registers in their default state and initializes the
I2C-bus/SMBus state machine. The RESET pin causes the same reset/initialization to
occur without de-powering the part.
PC機(jī)之間串口通信的實(shí)現(xiàn)一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?nbsp;１．熟悉微機(jī)接口實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)和使用方法。 ２．掌握通信接口芯片8251和8250的功能和使用方法。 ３．學(xué)會(huì)串行通信程序的編制方法。
二、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容與要求 １．基本要求主機(jī)接收開(kāi)關(guān)量輸入的數(shù)據(jù)（二進(jìn)制或十六進(jìn)制），從鍵盤(pán)上按“傳輸”鍵（可自行定義），就將該數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)8251A傳輸出去。終端接收后在顯示器上顯示數(shù)據(jù)。具體操作說(shuō)明如下：（１）出現(xiàn)提示信息“start with R in the board!”，通過(guò)調(diào)整乒乓開(kāi)關(guān)的狀態(tài)，設(shè)置8位數(shù)據(jù)；（２）在小鍵盤(pán)上按“R”鍵，系統(tǒng)將此時(shí)乒乓開(kāi)關(guān)的狀態(tài)讀入計(jì)算機(jī)I中，并顯示出來(lái)，同時(shí)顯示經(jīng)串行通訊后，計(jì)算機(jī)II接收到的數(shù)據(jù)；（３）完成后，系統(tǒng)提示“do you want to send another data? Y/N”，根據(jù)用戶需要，在鍵盤(pán)按下“Y”鍵，則重復(fù)步驟（1），進(jìn)行另一數(shù)據(jù)的通訊；在鍵盤(pán)按除“Y”鍵外的任意鍵，將退出本程序。２．提高要求 能夠進(jìn)行出錯(cuò)處理，例如采用奇偶校驗(yàn)，出錯(cuò)重傳或者采用接收方回傳和發(fā)送方確認(rèn)來(lái)保證發(fā)送和接收正確。
三、設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告要求 １．設(shè)計(jì)目的和內(nèi)容 ２．總體設(shè)計(jì) ３．硬件設(shè)計(jì)：原理圖（接線圖）及簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明 ４．軟件設(shè)計(jì)框圖及程序清單５．設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果和體會(huì)（包括遇到的問(wèn)題及解決的方法）
四、8251A通用串行輸入/輸出接口芯片由于CPU與接口之間按并行方式傳輸，接口與外設(shè)之間按串行方式傳輸，因此，在串行接口中，必須要有“接收移位寄存器”（串→并）和“發(fā)送移位寄存器”（并→串）。能夠完成上述“串←→并”轉(zhuǎn)換功能的電路，通常稱為“通用異步收發(fā)器”（UART：Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter）,典型的芯片有：Intel 8250/8251。8251A異步工作方式：如果8251A編程為異步方式，在需要發(fā)送字符時(shí)，必須首先設(shè)置TXEN和CTS#為有效狀態(tài)，TXEN(Transmitter enable)是允許發(fā)送信號(hào)，是命令寄存器中的一位；CTS#(Clear To Send)是由外設(shè)發(fā)來(lái)的對(duì)CPU請(qǐng)求發(fā)送信號(hào)的響應(yīng)信號(hào)。然后就開(kāi)始發(fā)送過(guò)程。在發(fā)送時(shí)，每當(dāng)CPU送往發(fā)送緩沖器一個(gè)字符，發(fā)送器自動(dòng)為這個(gè)字符加上1個(gè)起始位，并且按照編程要求加上奇／偶校驗(yàn)位以及1個(gè)、1.5個(gè)或者2個(gè)停止位。串行數(shù)據(jù)以起始位開(kāi)始，接著是最低有效數(shù)據(jù)位，最高有效位的后面是奇／偶校驗(yàn)位，然后是停止位。按位發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)是以發(fā)送時(shí)鐘TXC的下降沿同步的，也就是說(shuō)這些數(shù)據(jù)總是在發(fā)送時(shí)鐘TXC的下降沿從8251A發(fā)出。數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)牟ㄌ芈嗜Q于編程時(shí)指定的波特率因子，為發(fā)送器時(shí)鐘頻率的1、1/16或1/64。當(dāng)波特率指定為16時(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)牟ㄌ芈示褪前l(fā)送器時(shí)鐘頻率的1/16。CPU通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)總線將數(shù)據(jù)送到8251A的數(shù)據(jù)輸出緩沖寄存器以后，再傳輸?shù)桨l(fā)送緩沖器，經(jīng)移位寄存器移位，將并行數(shù)據(jù)變?yōu)榇袛?shù)據(jù)，從TxD端送往外部設(shè)備。在8251A接收字符時(shí)，命令寄存器的接收允許位RxE(Receiver enable)必須為1。8251A通過(guò)檢測(cè)RxD引腳上的低電平來(lái)準(zhǔn)備接收字符，在沒(méi)有字符傳送時(shí)RxD端為高電平。8251A不斷地檢測(cè)RxD引腳，從RxD端上檢測(cè)到低電平以后，便認(rèn)為是串行數(shù)據(jù)的起始位，并且啟動(dòng)接收控制電路中的一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)，計(jì)數(shù)器的頻率等于接收器時(shí)鐘頻率。計(jì)數(shù)器是作為接收器采樣定時(shí)，當(dāng)計(jì)數(shù)到相當(dāng)于半個(gè)數(shù)位的傳輸時(shí)間時(shí)再次對(duì)RxD端進(jìn)行采樣，如果仍為低電平，則確認(rèn)該數(shù)位是一個(gè)有效的起始位。若傳輸一個(gè)字符需要16個(gè)時(shí)鐘，那么就是要在計(jì)數(shù)8個(gè)時(shí)鐘后采樣到低電平。之后，8251A每隔一個(gè)數(shù)位的傳輸時(shí)間對(duì)RxD端采樣一次，依次確定串行數(shù)據(jù)位的值。串行數(shù)據(jù)位順序進(jìn)入接收移位寄存器，通過(guò)校驗(yàn)并除去停止位，變成并行數(shù)據(jù)以后通過(guò)內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)總線送入接收緩沖器，此時(shí)發(fā)出有效狀態(tài)的RxRDY信號(hào)通知CPU，通知CPU8251A已經(jīng)收到一個(gè)有效的數(shù)據(jù)。一個(gè)字符對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)可以是5～8位。如果一個(gè)字符對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)不到8位，8251A會(huì)在移位轉(zhuǎn)換成并行數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候，自動(dòng)把他們的高位補(bǔ)成0。
五、系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)方案根據(jù)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的要求，對(duì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的總體方案進(jìn)行論證分析如下：1．獲取8位開(kāi)關(guān)量可使用實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)上的8255A可編程并行接口芯片，因?yàn)橹灰@取8位數(shù)據(jù)量，只需使用基本輸入和8位數(shù)據(jù)線，所以將8255A工作在方式0，PA0-PA7接實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)上的8位開(kāi)關(guān)量。2．當(dāng)使用串口進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送時(shí)，雖然同步通信速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于異步通信，可達(dá)500kbit/s，但由于其需要有一個(gè)時(shí)鐘來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)送端和接收端之間的同步，硬件電路復(fù)雜，通常計(jì)算機(jī)之間的通信只采用異步通信。3．由于8251A本身沒(méi)有時(shí)鐘，需要外部提供，所以本設(shè)計(jì)中使用實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)上的8253芯片的計(jì)數(shù)器2來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。4：顯示和鍵盤(pán)輸入均使用DOS功能調(diào)用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。設(shè)計(jì)思路框圖，如下圖所示：
六、硬件設(shè)計(jì)硬件電路主要分為8位開(kāi)關(guān)量數(shù)據(jù)獲取電路，串行通信數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送電路，串行通信數(shù)據(jù)接收電路三個(gè)部分。1．8位開(kāi)關(guān)量數(shù)據(jù)獲取電路該電路主要是利用8255并行接口讀取8位乒乓開(kāi)關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。此次設(shè)計(jì)在獲取8位開(kāi)關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)量時(shí)采用8255令其工作在方式0，A口輸入8位數(shù)據(jù)，CS#接實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)上CS1口，對(duì)應(yīng)端口為280H-283H，PA0-PA7接8個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)。2．串行通信電路串行通信電路本設(shè)計(jì)中8253主要為8251充當(dāng)頻率發(fā)生器，接線如下圖所示。
Internal Interrupts are used to respond to asynchronous requests from a certain part of themicrocontroller that needs to be serviced. Each peripheral in the TriCore as well as theBus Control Unit, the Debug Unit, the Peripheral Control Processor (PCP) and the CPUitself can generate an Interrupt Request.So what is an external Interrupt?An external Interrupt is something alike as the internal Interrupt. The difference is that anexternal Interrupt request is caused by an external event. Normally this would be a pulseon Port0 or Port1, but it can be even a signal from the input buffer of the SSC, indicatingthat a service is requested.The User’s Manual does not explain this aspect in detail so this ApNote will explain themost common form of an external Interrupt request. This ApNote will show that there is aneasy way to react on a pulse on Port0 or Port1 and to create with this impulse an InterruptService Request. Later in the second part of the document, you can find hints on how todebounce impulses to enable the use of a simple switch as the input device.Note: You will find additional information on how to setup the Interrupt System in theApNote “First steps through the TriCore Interrupt System” (AP3222xx)1. It would gobeyond the scope of this document to explain this here, but you will find selfexplanatoryexamples later on.
