This document was developed under the Standard Hardware and Reliability Program (SHARP) TechnologyIndependent Representation of Electronic Products (TIREP) project. It is intended for use by VHSIC HardwareDescription Language (VHDL) design engineers and is offered as guidance for the development of VHDL modelswhich are compliant with the VHDL Data Item Description (DID DI-EGDS-80811) and which can be providedto manufacturing engineering personnel for the development of production data and the subsequent productionof hardware. Most VHDL modeling performed to date has been concentrated at either the component level orat the conceptual system level. The assembly and sub-assembly levels have been largely disregarded. Under theSHARP TIREP project, an attempt has been made to help close this gap. The TIREP models are based upon lowcomplexity Standard Electronic Modules (SEM) of the format A configuration. Although these modules are quitesimple, it is felt that the lessons learned offer guidance which can readily be applied to a wide range of assemblytypes and complexities.
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：xinhaoshan2016
This application note provides a detailed description of themetastable behavior in PLDs from both circuit and statisticalviewpoints. Additionally, the information on the metastablecharacteristics of Cypress PLDs presented here can help youachieve any desired degree of reliability.
上傳時間： 2013-10-23
上傳用戶：gtzj
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10- layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in card attached through a connector. This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/jitter and loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect. However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations. Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to ensure compliance to all applicable specifications. The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
上傳時間： 2013-10-15
上傳用戶：busterman
Abstract: The rapid build out of today's smart grid raises a number of security questions. In this article,we review two recent well-documented security breaches and a report of a security gap. These situationsinclude a 2009 smart-meter hack in Puerto Rico; a 2012 password discovery in grid distributionequipment; and insecure storage of a private key in distribution automation equipment. For each of theseattacks, we examine the breach, the potential threat, and secure silicon methods that, as part of acomplete security strategy, can help thwart the attacks.
上傳時間： 2013-10-27
上傳用戶：tecman
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
上傳時間： 2013-11-18
上傳用戶：zhouxuepeng1
現有基于MAX7219芯片的數碼管驅動電路只適用于小尺寸LED，為擴展其使用范圍，在介紹動態顯示芯片MAX7219功能的基礎上，提出了一個基于該芯片的8位高亮度8英寸數碼管驅動電路。電路保留了MAX7219芯片的功能強大、編程簡單等優點，通過74LS273鎖存器和ULN2803達林頓驅動器，實現了對任意大尺寸數碼管提供較高電壓和電流驅動的靜態顯示，并亮度可調。 Abstract: The existing display-driving circuit based on MAX7219 was only applicable to small-size LED. To expand its use, based on the function introduction of dynamic display chip MAX7219, a display-driving circuit for high-brightness 8-bit LED with the size of 8-inch was proposed. The advantages of MAX7219 were retained, such as powerful function and simple programming. Static display with adjustable brightness for large-size LED with higher voltage and current was achieved with the help of 74LS273 and ULN2803.
上傳時間： 2013-10-23
上傳用戶：31633073
為深入了解基于UC3854A控制的PFC變換器中的動力學特性，研究系統參數變化對變換器中分岔現象的影響，在建立Boost PFC變換器雙閉環數學模型的基礎上，用Matlab軟件對變換器中慢時標分岔及混沌等不穩定現象進行了仿真。在對PFC變換器中慢時標分岔現象仿真的基礎上，分析了系統參數變化對分岔點的影響，并進行了仿真驗證。仿真結果清晰地顯示了輸入整流電壓的幅值變化對系統分岔點的影響。 Abstract: In order to better understand the dynamics characteristic of power factor correction converter based on UC3854A， and make the way that parameters change influences the bifurcation phenomena of the system clearly. The math model of the two closed loop circuits to the Boost PFC （Power Factor Correction） converter controller was built. Then， with the help of Matlab， the simulation for nonlinear phenomena such as chaos and slow-scale bifurcation in the PFC converter was made. Finally the factors that have influence to the phenomenon of bifurcation under slow-scale in PFC converter were analyzed. The simulation results clearly show the parameters change influences the bifurcation point of the system.
上傳時間： 2013-10-17
上傳用戶：杜瑩12345
at91rm9200啟動過程教程 系統上電，檢測BMS，選擇系統的啟動方式，如果BMS為高電平，則系統從片內ROM啟動。AT91RM9200的ROM上電后被映射到了0x0和0x100000處，在這兩個地址處都可以訪問到ROM。由于9200的ROM中固化了一個BOOTLOAER程序。所以PC從0X0處開始執行這個BOOTLOAER(準確的說應該是一級BOOTLOADER)。這個BOOTLOER依次完成以下步驟： 1、PLL SETUP，設置PLLB產生48M時鐘頻率提供給USB DEVICE。同時DEBUG USART也被初始化為48M的時鐘頻率； 2、相應模式下的堆棧設置； 3、檢測主時鐘源（Main oscillator）； 4、中斷控制器（AIC）的設置； 5、C 變量的初始化； 6、跳到主函數。 完成以上步驟后，我們可以認為BOOT過程結束，接下來的就是LOADER的過程，或者也可以認為是裝載二級BOOTLOER。AT91RM9200按照DATAFLASH、EEPROM、連接在外部總線上的8位并行FLASH的順序依次來找合法的BOOT程序。所謂合法的指的是在這些存儲設備的開始地址處連續的存放的32個字節，也就是8條指令必須是跳轉指令或者裝載PC的指令，其實這樣規定就是把這8條指令當作是異常向量表來處理。必須注意的是第6條指令要包含將要裝載的映像的大小。關于如何計算和寫這條指令可以參考用戶手冊。一旦合法的映像找到之后，則BOOT程序會把找到的映像搬到SRAM中去，所以映像的大小是非常有限的，不能超過16K-3K的大小。當BOOT程序完成了把合法的映像搬到SRAM的任務以后，接下來就進行存儲器的REMAP，經過REMAP之后，SRAM從映設前的0X200000地址處被映設到了0X0地址并且程序從0X0處開始執行。而ROM這時只能在0X100000這個地址處看到了。至此9200就算完成了一種形式的啟動過程。如果BOOT程序在以上所列的幾種存儲設備中找到合法的映像，則自動初始化DEBUG USART口和USB DEVICE口以準備從外部載入映像。對DEBUG口的初始化包括設置參數115200 8 N 1以及運行XMODEM協議。對USB DEVICE進行初始化以及運行DFU協議。現在用戶可以從外部（假定為PC平臺）載入你的映像了。在PC平臺下，以WIN2000為例，你可以用超級終端來完成這個功能，但是還是要注意你的映像的大小不能超過13K。一旦正確從外部裝載了映像，接下來的過程就是和前面一樣重映設然后執行映像了。我們上面講了BMS為高電平，AT91RM9200選擇從片內的ROM啟動的一個過程。如果BMS為低電平，則AT91RM9200會從片外的FLASH啟動，這時片外的FLASH的起始地址就是0X0了，接下來的過程和片內啟動的過程是一樣的，只不過這時就需要自己寫啟動代碼了，至于怎么寫，大致的內容和ROM的BOOT差不多，不同的硬件設計可能有不一樣的地方，但基本的都是一樣的。由于片外FLASH可以設計的大，所以這里編寫的BOOTLOADER可以一步到位，也就是說不用像片內啟動可能需要BOOT好幾級了，目前AT91RM9200上使用較多的bootloer是u-boot，這是一個開放源代碼的軟件，用戶可以自由下載并根據自己的應用配置。總的說來，筆者以為AT91RM9200的啟動過程比較簡單，ATMEL的服務也不錯，不但提供了片內啟動的功能，還提供了UBOOT可供下載。筆者寫了一個BOOTLODER從片外的FLASHA啟動，效果還可以。 uboot結構與使用uboot是一個龐大的公開源碼的軟件。他支持一些系列的arm體系，包含常見的外設的驅動，是一個功能強大的板極支持包。其代碼可以 http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot下載 在9200上，為了啟動uboot，還有兩個boot軟件包，分別是loader和boot。分別完成從sram和flash中的一級boot。其源碼可以從atmel的官方網站下載。 我們知道，當9200系統上電后，如果bms為高電平，則系統從片內rom啟動，這時rom中固化的boot程序初始化了debug口并向其發送'c'，這時我們打開超級終端會看到ccccc...。這說明系統已經啟動，同時xmodem協議已經啟動，用戶可以通過超級終端下載用戶的bootloader。作為第一步，我們下載loader.bin.loader.bin將被下載到片內的sram中。這個loder完成的功能主要是初始化時鐘，sdram和xmodem協議，為下載和啟動uboot做準備。當下載了loader.bin后，超級終端會繼續打印：ccccc....。這時我們就可以下在uboot了。uboot將被下載到sdram中的一個地址后并把pc指針調到此處開始執行uboot。接著我們就可以在終端上看到uboot的shell啟動了，提示符uboot>，用戶可以uboot>help 看到命令列表和大概的功能。uboot的命令包含了對內存、flash、網絡、系統啟動等一些命令。 如果系統上電時bms為低電平，則系統從片外的flash啟動。為了從片外的flash啟動uboot,我們必須把boot.bin放到0x0地址出，使得從flash啟動后首先執行boot.bin，而要少些boot.bin，就要先完成上面我們講的那些步驟，首先開始從片內rom啟動uboot。然后再利用uboot的功能完成把boot.bin和uboot.gz燒寫到flash中的目的，假如我們已經啟動了uboot,可以這樣操作： uboot>protect off all uboot>erase all uboot>loadb 20000000 uboot>cp.b 20000000 10000000 5fff uboot>loadb 21000000 uboot>cp.b 210000000 10010000 ffff 然后系統復位，就可以看到系統先啟動boot，然后解壓縮uboot.gz，然后啟動uboot。注意，這里uboot必須壓縮成.gz文件，否則會出錯。 怎么編譯這三個源碼包呢，首先要建立一個arm的交叉編譯環境，關于如何建立，此處不予說明。建立好了以后，分別解壓源碼包，然后修改Makefile中的編譯器項目，正確填寫你的編譯器的所在路徑。 對loader和boot，直接make。對uboot,第一步：make_at91rm9200dk,第二步：make。這樣就會在當前目錄下分別生成*.bin文件,對于uboot.bin，我們還要壓縮成.gz文件。 也許有的人對loader和boot搞不清楚為什么要兩個，有什么區別嗎？首先有區別，boot主要完成從flash中啟動uboot的功能，他要對uboot的壓縮文件進行解壓，除此之外，他和loader并無大的區別，你可以把boot理解為在loader的基礎上加入了解壓縮.gz的功能而已。所以這兩個并無多大的本質不同，只是他們的使命不同而已。 特別說名的是這三個軟件包都是開放源碼的，所以用戶可以根據自己的系統的情況修改和配置以及裁減，打造屬于自己系統的bootloder。
上傳時間： 2013-10-27
上傳用戶：wsf950131
The C500 microcontroller family usually provides only one on-chip synchronous serialchannel (SSC). If a second SSC is required, an emulation of the missing interface mayhelp to avoid an external hardware solution with additional electronic components.The solution presented in this paper and in the attached source files emulates the mostimportant SSC functions by using optimized SW routines with a performance up to 25KBaud in Slave Mode with half duplex transmission and an overhead less than 60% atSAB C513 with 12 MHz. Due to the implementation in C this performance is not the limitof the chip. A pure implementation in assembler will result in a strong reduction of theCPU load and therefore increase the maximum speed of the interface. In addition,microcontrollers like the SAB C505 will speed up the interface by a factor of two becauseof an optimized architecture compared with the SAB C513.Moreover, this solution lays stress on using as few on-chip hardware resources aspossible. A more excessive consumption of those resources will result in a highermaximum speed of the emulated interface.Due to the restricted performance of an 8 bit microcontroller a pin compatible solution isprovided only; the internal register based programming interface is replaced by a set ofsubroutine calls.The attached source files also contain a test shell, which demonstrates how to exchangeinformation between an on-chip HW-SSC and the emulated SW-SSC via 5 external wiresin different operation modes. It is based on the SAB C513 (Siemens 8 bit microcontroller).A table with load measurements is presented to give an indication for the fraction of CPUperformance required by software for emulating the SSC.
標簽： synchronous Emulating serial
上傳時間： 2014-01-31
上傳用戶：z1191176801
ICCAVR V6.31A下載，ICCAVR專業版，AVR單片機C語言開發軟件。目前國內用的最廣泛的AVR單片機開發軟件。 推薦大家使用：ICCAVR V6.31A。 1、運行iccavr6.31A進行軟件安裝，注此注冊機只支持這此版本。 2、打開安裝完的軟件，在help選項下選Register software,會彈出注冊窗口。 3、復制注冊窗口中的硬件碼。 4、運行keygen.p1里面的注冊機，將硬件碼寫入，執行生成命令（注意選擇軟件版本）。 5、將得到的密碼復制回注冊窗口，執行安裝即可。 6、軟件將自動關閉，重新打開后，即為正式版了。
上傳時間： 2013-12-11
上傳用戶：sklzzy
