MISRA (The Motor Industry Software reliability Association 汽車工業軟件可靠性聯會) 是位于英國的一個跨國汽車工業協會，其成員包括了大部分歐美汽車生產商。其核心使命是為汽車工業提供服務和協助，幫助廠方開發安全的、高可靠性的嵌入式軟件。這個組織最出名的成果是所謂的MISRA C Coding Standard，這一標準中包括了127條C語言編碼標準，通常認為，如果能夠完全遵守這些標準，則你的C代碼是易讀、可靠、可移植和易于維護的。最近很多嵌入式開發者都以MISRA C來衡量自己的編碼風格，比如著名的uC/OS-II就得意地宣稱自己99％遵守MISRA標準。而《嵌入式開發雜志》也專門載文號召大家學習。編碼規范通常是一個公司自定的“土政策”，居然有人去做標準，而且還得到廣泛的認可，這不禁引起我強烈的興趣。可惜這份標準的文本需要花錢去買，而且短短幾十頁，要價非常昂貴。MISRA在網上公布了一些文檔，其中有關于MISRA C Coding Standard的Clarification報告，從中間你可以大致猜到MISRA標準本身是什么。
Each arc of a binary-state network has good/bad states. The system reliability, the probability
that source s communicates with sink t, can be computed in terms of minimal paths (MPs). An
MP is an ordered sequence of arcs from s to t that has no cycle. Note that a minimal path is
different from the so-called minimum path. The latter is a path with minimum cost.
misra (The Motor Industry Software reliability Association 汽車工業軟件可靠性聯會) 是位于英國的一個跨國汽車工業協會，其成員包括了大部分歐美汽車生產商。其核心使命是為汽車工業提供服務和協助，幫助廠方開發安全的、高可靠性的嵌入式軟件。這個組織最出名的成果是所謂的misra C Coding Standard，這一標準中包括了127條C語言編碼標準，通常認為，如果能夠完全遵守這些標準，則你的C代碼是易讀、可靠、可移植和易于維護的。最近很多嵌入式開發者都以misra C來衡量自己的編碼風格，比如著名的uC/OS-II就得意地宣稱自己99％遵守misra標準。
Get more out of your legacy systems: more performance, functionality, reliability, and manageability
Is your code easy to change? Can you get nearly instantaneous feedback when you do change it? Do you understand it? If the answer to any of these questions is no, you have legacy code, and it is draining time and money away from your development efforts.
This document was developed under the Standard Hardware and reliability Program (SHARP) TechnologyIndependent Representation of Electronic Products (TIREP) project. It is intended for use by VHSIC HardwareDescription Language (VHDL) design engineers and is offered as guidance for the development of VHDL modelswhich are compliant with the VHDL Data Item Description (DID DI-EGDS-80811) and which can be providedto manufacturing engineering personnel for the development of production data and the subsequent productionof hardware. Most VHDL modeling performed to date has been concentrated at either the component level orat the conceptual system level. The assembly and sub-assembly levels have been largely disregarded. Under theSHARP TIREP project, an attempt has been made to help close this gap. The TIREP models are based upon lowcomplexity Standard Electronic Modules (SEM) of the format A configuration. Although these modules are quitesimple, it is felt that the lessons learned offer guidance which can readily be applied to a wide range of assemblytypes and complexities.
This application note provides a detailed description of themetastable behavior in PLDs from both circuit and statisticalviewpoints. Additionally, the information on the metastablecharacteristics of Cypress PLDs presented here can help youachieve any desired degree of reliability.
Portable, battery-powered operation of electronic apparatushas become increasingly desirable. Medical, remotedata acquisition, power monitoring and other applicationsare good candidates for battery operation. In some circumstances,due to space, power or reliability considerations,it is preferable to operate the circuitry from a single 1.5Vcell. Unfortunately, a 1.5V supply eliminates almost alllinear ICs as design candidates. In fact, the LM10 opamp-reference and the LT®1017/LT1018 comparators arethe only IC gain blocks fully specifi ed for 1.5V operation.Further complications are presented by the 600mV dropof silicon transistors and diodes. This limitation consumesa substantial portion of available supply range, makingcircuit design diffi cult. Additionally, any circuit designedfor 1.5V operation must function at end-of-life batteryvoltage, typically 1.3V. (See Box Section, “Componentsfor 1.5V Operation.”)
Linear Technology’s high performance battery management ICsenable long battery life and run time, while providing precision charging control, constantstatus monitoring and stringent battery protection. Our proprietary design techniques seamlesslymanage multiple input sources while providing small solution footprints, faster charging and100% standalone operation. Battery and circuit protection features enable improved thermalperformance and high reliability operation.
Portable, battery-powered operation of electronic apparatushas become increasingly desirable. Medical, remotedata acquisition, power monitoring and other applicationsare good candidates for batteryoperation. In some circumstances,due to space, power or reliability considerations,it is preferable to operate the circuitry from a single 1.5Vcell. Unfortunately, a 1.5V supply eliminates almost alllinear ICs as design candidates. In fact, the LM10 opamp-reference and the LT®1017/LT1018 comparators arethe only IC gain blocks fully specifi ed for 1.5V operation.Further complications are presented by the 600mV dropof silicon transistors and diodes. This limitation consumesa substantial portion of available supply range, makingcircuit design diffi cult. Additionally, any circuit designedfor 1.5V operation mustfunction at end-of-life batteryvoltage, typically 1.3V. (See Box Section, “Componentsfor 1.5V Operation.”)
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