Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
標簽：
差分電路
單端
模式
上傳時間：
2014-03-25
上傳用戶：yyyyyyyyyy
Many wireless communications channels consist of multiple signal paths from the
transmitter to receiver. This multiplicity of paths leads to a phenomenon known
as multipath fading. The multiple paths are caused by the presence of objects in the
physical environment that, through the mechanisms of propagation, alter the path of
radiated energy. These objects are referred to as scatterers. In the past, researchers
often looked at ways to mitigate multipath scattering, such as in diversity systems.
Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems, on the other hand, use multipath
diversity to their advantage; a MIMO system has the ability to translate increased
spatial diversity into increased channel capacity.
標簽：
Multiple-Output
Multiple-Input
Channel
Models
上傳時間：
2020-05-31
上傳用戶：shancjb
