This is an extension of sign example. You can design your own traffic sign by using Verilog. And the result from Verilog can be seen by the attached C file.
Top module name : SHIFTER (File name : SHIFTER.v)
2. Input pins: SHIFT [3:0], IN [15:0], sign, RIGHT.
3. Output pins: OUT [15:0].
4. Input signals generated from test pattern are latched in one cycle and are
synchronized at clock rising edge.
5. The SHIFT signal describes the shift number. The shift range is 0 to 15.
6. When the signal RIGHT is high, it shifts input data to right. On the other hand, it
shifts input data to left.
7. When the signal sign is high, the input data is a signed number and it shifts with
sign extension. However, the input data is an unsigned number if the signal sign
is low.
8. You can only use following gates in Table I and need to include the delay
information (Tplh, Tphl) in your design.
Top module name : SHIFTER (File name : SHIFTER.v)
2. Input pins: SHIFT [3:0], IN [15:0], sign, RIGHT.
3. Output pins: OUT [15:0].
4. Input signals generated from test pattern are latched in one cycle and are
synchronized at clock rising edge.
5. The SHIFT signal describes the shift number. The shift range is 0 to 15.
6. When the signal RIGHT is high, it shifts input data to right. On the other hand, it
shifts input data to left.
7. When the signal sign is high, the input data is a signed number and it shifts with
sign extension. However, the input data is an unsigned number if the signal sign
is low.
8. You can only use following gates in Table I and need to include the delay
information (Tplh, Tphl) in your design.
現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的語(yǔ)音不可避免的要受到周圍環(huán)境的影響，背景噪聲例如機(jī)械噪聲、街頭音樂(lè)噪音，其他說(shuō)話者的話音等均會(huì)嚴(yán)重地影響語(yǔ)音信號(hào)的質(zhì)量：此外傳輸系統(tǒng)本身也會(huì)產(chǎn)生各種噪聲，因此接收端的信號(hào)為帶噪語(yǔ)音信號(hào)。混疊在語(yǔ)音信號(hào)中的噪聲按類別可分為環(huán)境噪聲等的加法性噪聲及電器線路干擾等的乘法性噪聲；按性質(zhì)可分為平穩(wěn)噪聲和非平穩(wěn)噪聲。 語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)的根本目的就是凈化語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量。把不需要的噪音減低到最小程度。但是由于噪音的復(fù)雜性，很難歸納出一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的特征，因此不可能尋求一種算法完全適應(yīng)于所有的噪音消除，因此語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的工程。 有關(guān)抗噪聲技術(shù)的研究以及實(shí)際環(huán)境下的語(yǔ)音信號(hào)處理系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)，在國(guó)內(nèi)外已經(jīng)成為語(yǔ)音信號(hào)處理非常重要的研究課題，已經(jīng)作了大量的研究工作，取得了豐富的研究成果。本文僅對(duì)加性噪聲下的語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)技術(shù)做了較為仔細(xì)的討論，我們先給出語(yǔ)音信號(hào)處理的基本理論，它是語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)算法研究和實(shí)現(xiàn)的理論基礎(chǔ)，在此基礎(chǔ)總結(jié)了自適應(yīng)信號(hào)處理技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)以及在語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)方面的應(yīng)用。選取工程領(lǐng)域最常用的自適應(yīng)LMS濾波算法和RLS濾波算法作為研究對(duì)象，提出了利用最小均方誤差意義下自適應(yīng)濾波器的輸出信號(hào)與主通道噪聲信號(hào)的等效關(guān)系，得到濾波器最佳自適應(yīng)參數(shù)的方法，并分析了在平穩(wěn)和非平穩(wěn)噪聲環(huán)境下，L M S濾波器族和R L S濾波器在不同噪音輸入下的權(quán)系數(shù)收斂速度、權(quán)系數(shù)穩(wěn)定性、跟蹤輸入信號(hào)的能力和信噪比的改善等特性。 研究了MATLAB語(yǔ)言程序設(shè)計(jì)和使用MALTLAB對(duì)語(yǔ)音算法進(jìn)行仿真、并輸入了多種實(shí)際環(huán)境下的噪音進(jìn)行濾波仿真并對(duì)仿真的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較和分析。總結(jié)出了LMS、NLMS、sign-ERROR-LMS、RLS自適應(yīng)濾波器在語(yǔ)音濾波方面的特點(diǎn) 和應(yīng)用情況。 最后在MATLAB仿真的基礎(chǔ)上，利用Altera公司的Cyclone2系列FPGA芯片和多種EDA工具，完成了L M S自適應(yīng)濾波器的FPGA設(shè)計(jì)。 關(guān)鍵詞：語(yǔ)音增強(qiáng)，背景噪音，自適應(yīng)濾波器，LMS，RLS，F(xiàn)PGA
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
設(shè)計(jì)一種基于ATmega16L單片機(jī)的溫度控制系統(tǒng)，闡述該系統(tǒng)的軟硬件設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法，利用增量式PID算法使被控對(duì)象的溫度值趨于給定值。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明該系統(tǒng)具有良好的檢測(cè)和控制功能。 Abstract: This paper designs a temperature control system based on ATmega16L，describes the hardware and software de－sign scheme of the system，adopts the modularized design method and utilizes the incremental PID algorithm to realize the temperature of controlled device incline to the given value.The experiment result indicates that the system has good detec－tion and control function
