為了提高數字水印抗擊各種圖像攻擊的性能和保持圖像的穩健性和不可見性，提出了一種基于離散小波變換（DWT），SVD（singular value decomposition）奇異值分解水印圖像和原始載體圖像的離散余弦變換（DCT）的自適應水印嵌入算法，主要是將水印圖像的兩次小波變換后的低頻分量潛入到原始圖像分塊經過SVD分解的S分量矩陣中，同時根據圖像的JPEG壓縮比的不同計算各個圖像塊的水印調節因子。實驗證明該算法在抗擊JPEG壓縮、中值濾波、加噪等均具有很好的魯棒性，嵌入后的圖像的PSNR達到38，具有良好的視覺掩蔽性
標簽： 數字水印算法
上傳時間： 2013-10-09
上傳用戶：ca05991270
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
標簽： Converters Defini DAC
上傳時間： 2013-10-30
上傳用戶：stvnash
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
上傳時間： 2013-11-12
上傳用戶：pans0ul
•Founded in Jan. 08, 2001 in Shanghai, China.•Fabless IDH focused on Analog & Mixed Signal Chip design & marketing •Over 100 IC introduced.•Over 200 OEM Customer worldwide•ISO-9000 Certified•Distribution Channel in Taiwan, China & Japan To achieve 100% customer satisfactionby producing the technically advanced product with the best quality, on-time delivery and service. Leverages on proprietary process and world-class engineering team to develop innovative & high quality analog solutions that add value to electronics equipment.
標簽： Circuit Analog Design Porta
上傳時間： 2013-10-24
上傳用戶：songnanhua
Hyperlynx仿真應用:阻抗匹配.下面以一個電路設計為例，簡單介紹一下PCB仿真軟件在設計中的使用。下面是一個DSP硬件電路部分元件位置關系(原理圖和PCB使用PROTEL99SE設計)，其中DRAM作為DSP的擴展Memory(64位寬度，低8bit還經過3245接到FLASH和其它芯片)，DRAM時鐘頻率133M。因為頻率較高，設計過程中我們需要考慮DRAM的數據、地址和控制線是否需加串阻。下面，我們以數據線D0仿真為例看是否需要加串阻。模型建立首先需要在元件公司網站下載各器件IBIS模型。然后打開Hyperlynx,新建LineSim File(線路仿真—主要用于PCB前仿真驗證)新建好的線路仿真文件里可以看到一些虛線勾出的傳輸線、芯片腳、始端串阻和上下拉終端匹配電阻等。下面，我們開始導入主芯片DSP的數據線D0腳模型。左鍵點芯片管腳處的標志，出現未知管腳，然后再按下圖的紅線所示線路選取芯片IBIS模型中的對應管腳。 3http://bbs.elecfans.com/ 電子技術論壇 http://www.elecfans.com 電子發燒友點OK后退到“ASSIGN Models”界面。選管腳為“Output”類型。這樣，一樣管腳的配置就完成了。同樣將DRAM的數據線對應管腳和3245的對應管腳IBIS模型加上(DSP輸出，3245高阻，DRAM輸入)。下面我們開始建立傳輸線模型。左鍵點DSP芯片腳相連的傳輸線，增添傳輸線，然后右鍵編輯屬性。因為我們使用四層板，在表層走線，所以要選用“Microstrip”，然后點“value”進行屬性編輯。這里，我們要編輯一些PCB的屬性，布線長度、寬度和層間距等，屬性編輯界面如下：再將其它傳輸線也添加上。這就是沒有加阻抗匹配的仿真模型(PCB最遠直線間距1.4inch，對線長為1.7inch)。現在模型就建立好了。仿真及分析下面我們就要為各點加示波器探頭了，按照下圖紅線所示路徑為各測試點增加探頭：為發現更多的信息，我們使用眼圖觀察。因為時鐘是133M，數據單沿采樣，數據翻轉最高頻率為66.7M，對應位寬為7.58ns。所以設置參數如下：之后按照芯片手冊制作眼圖模板。因為我們最關心的是接收端(DRAM)信號，所以模板也按照DRAM芯片HY57V283220手冊的輸入需求設計。芯片手冊中要求輸入高電平VIH高于2.0V，輸入低電平VIL低于0.8V。DRAM芯片的一個NOTE里指出，芯片可以承受最高5.6V，最低-2.0V信號(不長于3ns)：按下邊紅線路徑配置眼圖模板：低8位數據線沒有串阻可以滿足設計要求，而其他的56位都是一對一，經過仿真沒有串阻也能通過。于是數據線不加串阻可以滿足設計要求，但有一點需注意，就是寫數據時因為存在回沖，DRAM接收高電平在位中間會回沖到2V。因此會導致電平判決裕量較小，抗干擾能力差一些，如果調試過程中發現寫RAM會出錯，還需要改版加串阻。
上傳時間： 2013-11-05
上傳用戶：dudu121
Industrial remote monitoring systems and keep-alivecircuits spend most of their time in standby mode. Manyof these systems also depend on battery power, so powersupply effi ciency in standby state is very important tomaximize battery life. The LT®8410/-1 high effi ciencyboost converter is ideal for these systems, requiringonly 8.5μA of quiescent current in standby mode. Thedevice integrates high value (12.4M/0.4M) output feedbackresistors, signifi cantly reducing input current whenthe output is in regulation with no load. Other featuresinclude an integrated 40V switch and Schottky diode,output disconnect with current limit, built in soft-start,overvoltage protection and a wide input range, all in atiny 8-pin 2mm × 2mm DFN package.
上傳時間： 2013-11-23
上傳用戶：新手無憂
Analog Inputs and Outputs in an S7 PLC are represented in the PLC as a 16-bit integer. Over the nominal span of the analog input or output, the value of this integer will range between - 27648 and +27648. However, it is easier to use the analog values if they are scaled to the same units and ranges as the process being controlled. This applications tip describes methods for scaling analog values to and from engineering units.
上傳時間： 2013-11-17
上傳用戶：3294322651
數字控制的交流調速系統所選用的微處理器、功率器件及產生PWM波的方法是影響交流調速系統性能好壞的直接因素。在介紹了正弦脈寬調制(SPWM)技術的基礎上，設計了一種以8098單片機作為控制器，以智能功率模塊IPM為開關器件的變頻調速系統。通過軟件編程，產生正弦脈沖寬度調制波形來控制絕緣柵雙極晶體管的導通和關斷，從而達到控制異步電動機轉速的目的。實驗結果表明，該系統可調頻率調電壓，穩定度高，調速范圍寬，具有較強的實用價值 Abstract: AC variable speed with digital control systems used microprocessors， power devices and generate PWM wave is the direct factors of affecting the performance AC speed regulation system. On the basis of introducing the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technology，this paper designed variable speed system which used 8098 as a controller， intelligent power module IPM as switching device. Through software programming， resulting in sinusoidal pulse width modulation waveform to control the insulated gate bipolar transistor turn on and off， so as to achieve the purpose of speed control of induction motors. Experimental results show that the system can adjust frequency modulation voltage， high stability， wide speed range， has a strong practical value.
上傳時間： 2013-11-14
上傳用戶：ynwbosss
在理論分析循環碼編碼和譯碼基本原理的基礎上，提出了基于單片機系統的(24，16)循環碼軟件實現編碼、譯碼的方案。仿真結果表明(24，16)循環碼能有效地克服來自通訊信道的干擾，保證數據通信的可靠及系統的穩定，使誤碼率大幅度降低。本論文對(24，16)循環碼的研究結果表明，可以有效地降低錯誤概率和提高系統的吞吐量，實現糾錯僅需要在接收端增加有限的存儲空間和計算復雜度，具有一定的實用價值。 Abstract: Based on analyzing the theory of encoding and decoding of cyclic code， this paper showed the schemes of encoding and decoding of(24，16)cyclic code by the software and based on microcontroller. Simulation results show that using (24，16) cyclic codes can effectively overcome the interference from communication channel， ensure the reliability and stability of data communication systems， and reduce the bit error rate greatly. The results of this paper show that by using the (24，16) cyclic code， the error rate can be reduced and the system throughput can be improved. Meanwhile， the system only needs to enlarge limited storage space and computation the complexity at the receiving end to realize error correction. Thus the (24，16) cyclic code has a practical value.
上傳時間： 2013-11-09
上傳用戶：gaoliangncepu
設計了一種基于PIC16C71單片機的數字水溫配制閥。該配制閥采用NTC熱敏電阻作溫度傳感器，與固定電阻組成簡單分壓電路作為水溫測量電路，利用PIC16C71單片機內置的8位A/D轉換器把熱敏電阻上的模擬電壓轉換為數字量，PIC16C71單片機控制直流電機驅動混水閥調節冷熱水的混合比例實現水溫調節。給出了控制電路圖，對水溫測量電路的參數選擇和測溫精度作了詳細討論。實驗和分析表明，選用阻值較大的NTC熱敏電阻和分壓電阻可較好地解決熱敏電阻因功耗較大造成的熱擊穿問題。 Abstract: A digital valve for controlling water temperature based on PIC16C71 was presented in this paper.A bleeder circuit which consisted of a NTC thermistor as temperature sensor and a fixed resistance was designed as water temperature measuring circuit.The analog voltage on the thermistor was converted into digital signal by a 8-bit A/D converter embedded in PIC16C71. Based on the digital signal， the MCU PIC16C71 drived the valve by a DC motor to adjust the water temperature through adjusting the proportion of hot water and cold water.The circuit diagram of controller was given，the principle，the component parameters and the accuracy of measuring temperatures were also dissertated in detail. It was found by experiment and analysis that thermal breakdown of thermistor caused by high power could be solved by selecting thermistor and fixed resistance with high impedance value.
上傳時間： 2013-11-08
上傳用戶：Yue Zhong
