P C B 可測性設計布線規則之建議― ― 從源頭改善可測率PCB 設計除需考慮功能性與安全性等要求外，亦需考慮可生產與可測試。這里提供可測性設計建議供設計布線工程師參考。1. 每一個銅箔電路支點，至少需要一個可測試點。如無對應的測試點，將可導致與之相關的開短路不可檢出，并且與之相連的零件會因無測試點而不可測。2. 雙面治具會增加制作成本，且上針板的測試針定位準確度差。所以Layout 時應通過Via Hole 盡可能將測試點放置于同一面。這樣就只要做單面治具即可。3. 測試選點優先級：A.測墊(Test Pad) B.通孔(Through Hole) C.零件腳(Component Lead) D.貫穿孔(Via Hole)(未Mask)。而對于零件腳，應以AI 零件腳及其它較細較短腳為優先，較粗或較長的引腳接觸性誤判多。4. PCB 厚度至少要62mil(1.35mm)，厚度少于此值之PCB 容易板彎變形，影響測點精準度，制作治具需特殊處理。5. 避免將測點置于SMT 之PAD 上，因SMT 零件會偏移，故不可靠，且易傷及零件。6. 避免使用過長零件腳(>170mil(4.3mm))或過大的孔(直徑>1.5mm)為測點。7. 對于電池(Battery)最好預留Jumper，在ICT 測試時能有效隔離電池的影響。8. 定位孔要求：(a) 定位孔(Tooling Hole)直徑最好為125mil(3.175mm)及其以上。(b) 每一片PCB 須有2 個定位孔和一個防呆孔(也可說成定位孔,用以預防將PCB反放而導致機器壓破板)，且孔內不能沾錫。(c) 選擇以對角線，距離最遠之2 孔為定位孔。(d) 各定位孔(含防呆孔)不應設計成中心對稱,即PCB 旋轉180 度角后仍能放入PCB,這樣,作業員易于反放而致機器壓破板)9. 測試點要求：(e) 兩測點或測點與預鉆孔之中心距不得小于50mil(1.27mm)，否則有一測點無法植針。以大于100mil(2.54mm)為佳，其次是75mil(1.905mm)。(f) 測點應離其附近零件(位于同一面者)至少100mil，如為高于3mm 零件，則應至少間距120mil，方便治具制作。(g) 測點應平均分布于PCB 表面，避免局部密度過高，影響治具測試時測試針壓力平衡。(h) 測點直徑最好能不小于35mil(0.9mm)，如在上針板，則最好不小于40mil(1.00mm)，圓形、正方形均可。小于0.030”(30mil)之測點需額外加工，以導正目標。(i) 測點的Pad 及Via 不應有防焊漆(Solder Mask)。(j) 測點應離板邊或折邊至少100mil。(k) 錫點被實踐證實是最好的測試探針接觸點。因為錫的氧化物較輕且容易刺穿。以錫點作測試點，因接觸不良導致誤判的機會極少且可延長探針使用壽命。錫點尤其以PCB 光板制作時的噴錫點最佳。PCB 裸銅測點，高溫后已氧化，且其硬度高，所以探針接觸電阻變化而致測試誤判率很高。如果裸銅測點在SMT 時加上錫膏再經回流焊固化為錫點，雖可大幅改善，但因助焊劑或吃錫不完全的緣故，仍會出現較多的接觸誤判。
上傳時間： 2014-01-14
上傳用戶：cylnpy
電路板故障分析 維修方式介紹 ASA維修技術 ICT維修技術 沒有線路圖,無從修起 電路板太複雜,維修困難 維修經驗及技術不足 無法維修的死板,廢棄可惜 送電中作動態維修,危險性極高 備份板太多,積壓資金 送國外維修費用高,維修時間長 對老化零件無從查起無法預先更換 維修速度及效率無法提升,造成公司負擔,客戶埋怨 投資大量維修設備,操作複雜,績效不彰
上傳時間： 2013-11-09
上傳用戶：chengxin
PCB LAYOUT 術語解釋(TERMS)1. COMPONENT SIDE(零件面、正面)︰大多數零件放置之面。2. SOLDER SIDE(焊錫面、反面)。3. SOLDER MASK(止焊膜面)︰通常指Solder Mask Open 之意。4. TOP PAD︰在零件面上所設計之零件腳PAD，不管是否鑽孔、電鍍。5. BOTTOM PAD：在銲錫面上所設計之零件腳PAD，不管是否鑽孔、電鍍。6. POSITIVE LAYER：單、雙層板之各層線路；多層板之上、下兩層線路及內層走線皆屬之。7. NEGATIVE LAYER：通常指多層板之電源層。8. INNER PAD：多層板之POSITIVE LAYER 內層PAD。9. ANTI-PAD：多層板之NEGATIVE LAYER 上所使用之絕緣範圍，不與零件腳相接。10. THERMAL PAD：多層板內NEGATIVE LAYER 上必須零件腳時所使用之PAD，一般稱為散熱孔或導通孔。11. PAD (銲墊)：除了SMD PAD 外，其他PAD 之TOP PAD、BOTTOM PAD 及INNER PAD 之形狀大小皆應相同。12. Moat : 不同信號的 Power& GND plane 之間的分隔線13. Grid : 佈線時的走線格點2. Test Point : ATE 測試點供工廠ICT 測試治具使用ICT 測試點 LAYOUT 注意事項:PCB 的每條TRACE 都要有一個作為測試用之TEST PAD(測試點)，其原則如下：1. 一般測試點大小均為30-35mil，元件分布較密時，測試點最小可至30mil.測試點與元件PAD 的距離最小為40mil。2. 測試點與測試點間的間距最小為50-75mil，一般使用75mil。密度高時可使用50mil,3. 測試點必須均勻分佈於PCB 上，避免測試時造成板面受力不均。4. 多層板必須透過貫穿孔(VIA)將測試點留於錫爐著錫面上(Solder Side)。5. 測試點必需放至於Bottom Layer6. 輸出test point report(.asc 檔案powerpcb v3.5)供廠商分析可測率7. 測試點設置處:Setuppadsstacks
上傳時間： 2013-11-17
上傳用戶：cjf0304
LAYOUT REPORT .............. 1 目錄.................. 1 1. PCB LAYOUT 術語解釋(TERMS)......... 2 2. Test Point : ATE 測試點供工廠ICT 測試治具使用............ 2 3. 基準點 (光學點) -for SMD:........... 4 4. 標記 (LABEL ING)......... 5 5. VIA HOLE PAD................. 5 6. PCB Layer 排列方式...... 5 7.零件佈置注意事項 (PLACEMENT NOTES)............... 5 8. PCB LAYOUT 設計............ 6 9. Transmission Line ( 傳輸線 )..... 8 10.General Guidelines – 跨Plane.. 8 11. General Guidelines – 繞線....... 9 12. General Guidelines – Damping Resistor. 10 13. General Guidelines - RJ45 to Transformer................. 10 14. Clock Routing Guideline........... 12 15. OSC & CRYSTAL Guideline........... 12 16. CPU
上傳時間： 2013-10-29
上傳用戶：1234xhb
The concept of smart cities emerged few years ago as a new vision for urban development that aims to integrate multiple information and communication technology (ICT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets. Modern ICT infrastructure and e-services should fuel sustainable growth and quality of life, enabled by a wise and participative management of natural resources to be ensured by citizens and government. The need to build smart cities became a requirement that relies on urban development that should take charge of the new infrastructures for smart cities (broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based networked applications, open data and open platforms) and provide various smart services and enablers in various domains including healthcare, energy, education, environmental management, transportation, mobility and public safety.
上傳時間： 2020-05-25
上傳用戶：shancjb
Currently, the information and communications technology (ICT) industry sector accounts for about 2–6% of the energy consumption worldwide, and a significant por- tion of this is contributed by the wireless and mobile communications industry. With the proliferation of wireless data applications, wireless technology continues to increase worldwide at an unprecedented growth rate. This has resulted in an increased number of installed base stations and higher demand on power grids and device power usage, causing an increased carbon footprint worldwide.
標簽： Communication Networks Green Radio
上傳時間： 2020-05-27
上傳用戶：shancjb
Our original effort in writing this book was to create a starting point for those in the business community who did not have a high level of technical expertise but needed to have some understanding of the technical functions of their information and communication technologies (ICT) in a corporate environment. As was true with the first edition of this book, if you are already an engineer, find some other form of pleasure reading—this text is not designed for you!
標簽： Communications Introduction Technologies to
上傳時間： 2020-05-27
上傳用戶：shancjb
Rapid progress in information and communications technology (ICT) induces improved and new telecommunications services and contributes greatly to society in general and to vendors and network and service providers. In addition to existing services such as telephony or leased line services, spread of the Internet, the Internet Protocol (IP) phone, and new communications services like IPTV are making great progress with the development of digital subscriber lines (DSL) and high - speed communications technologies like fi ber to the home (FTTH).
標簽： Telecommunications Networks
上傳時間： 2020-06-01
上傳用戶：shancjb
When 3GPP started standardizing the IMS a few years ago, most analysts expected the number of IMS deploymentsto grow dramatically as soon the initial IMS specifications were ready (3GPP Release 5 was functionallyfrozenin the first half of 2002and completedshortly after that). While those predICTions have proven to be too aggressive owing to a number of upheavals hitting the ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) sector, we are now seeing more and more commercial IMS-based service offerings in the market. At the time of writing (May 2008), there are over 30 commercial IMS networks running live traffic, addingup to over10million IMS users aroundthe world; the IMS is beingdeployedglobally. In addition, there are plenty of ongoing market activities; it is estimated that over 130 IMS contracts have been awarded to all IMS manufacturers. The number of IMS users will grow substantially as these awarded contracts are launched commercially. At the same time, the number of IMS users in presently deployed networks is steadily increasing as new services are introduced and operators running these networks migrate their non-IMS users to their IMS networks.
標簽： Multimedia Subsystem The IMS 3G IP
上傳時間： 2020-06-01
上傳用戶：shancjb
The dICTionary definition of telecommunications is ‘communication over long distance by cable, telegraph, telephone or broadcasting’, but since its initiation over 100yearsagothingshavemovedrapidly.Telecommunicationsisnowaverycomplex industrywithmanydifferentpressures,operatinginahighlydynamic environment.It is best viewed as part of a wider industry known as information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of this chapter is to explain where telecommunication fits in, to highlight some of the complexities – hopefully to simplify them – and to position the industry in today’s dynamic business environment.
標簽： Telecommunications Understanding Business
上傳時間： 2020-06-01
上傳用戶：shancjb
