The MAX2691 low-noise amplifier (LNA) is designed forGPS L2 applications. Designed in Maxim’s advancedSiGe process, the device achieves high gain andlow noise figure while maximizing the input-referred 1dBcompression point and the 3rd-order intercept point. TheMAX2691 provides a high gain of 17.5dB and sub 1dBnoise figure.
標簽： Amplifier Low-Noise 2691 Band
上傳時間： 2014-12-04
上傳用戶：zaocan888
設計了水聲信號發生系統中的功率放大電路，可將前級電路產生的方波信號轉換為正弦信號，同時進行濾波、功率放大，使其滿足換能器對輸入信號的要求。該電路以單片機AT89C52，集成6階巴特沃思低通濾波芯片MF6以及大功率運算放大器LM12為核心，通過標準RS232接口與PC進行通信，實現信號增益的程控調節，對干擾信號具有良好的抑制作用。經調試該電路工作穩定正常，輸出波形無失真，在輸出功率以及放大增益、波紋系數等方面均滿足設計要求。 This paper presented a design and implementation of underwater acoustic power amplifer. This circuit converted the rectangle signal generated by frontend circuit into the sine signal， then filtered and power amplification， it meets the requirements of the transducer.Included AT89C52， 6th order Butterworth filter MF6， hipower amplififier LM12.Communication with PC through the RS232 port. The signal gain is adjustable and could be remote controlled. It has a good inhibitory effect on the interference signal. After debugged， this circuit works stable， the output waveform has no distortion， it meets the design requirement in outprt power， amplifier gain and ripple factor.
上傳時間： 2013-11-20
上傳用戶：qwe1234
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
標簽： Converters Defini DAC
上傳時間： 2013-10-30
上傳用戶：stvnash
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
上傳時間： 2013-11-12
上傳用戶：pans0ul
分析了調幅信號和載波信號之間的相位差與調制信號的極性的對應關系,得出了相敏檢波電路輸出電壓的極性與調制信號的極性有對應關系的結論。為了驗證相敏檢波電路的這一特性,給出3 個電路方案,分別選用理想元件和實際元件,采用Multisim 對其進行仿真實驗,直觀形象地演示了相敏檢波電路的鑒相特性,是傳統的實際操作實驗所不可比擬的。關鍵詞:相敏檢波;鑒相特性;Multisim;電路仿真 Abstract : The corresponding relation between modulation signal polarity and difference phases of amplitudemodulated signal and the carrier signal ,the polarity of phase2sensitive detecting circuit output voltage and the polarity of modulation signal are correspondent . In order to verify this characteristic ,three elect ric circuit s plans are produced ,idea element s and actual element s are selected respectively. Using Multisim to carry on a simulation experiment ,and then demonst rating the phase detecting characteristic of the phase sensitive circuit vividly and directly. Which is t raditional practical experience cannot be com pared.Keywords :phase sensitive detection ;phase2detecting characteristic ;Multisim;circuit simulation
上傳時間： 2013-11-23
上傳用戶：guanhuihong
使用時鐘PLL的源同步系統時序分析一）回顧源同步時序計算Setup Margin = Min Clock Etch Delay – Max Data Etch Delay – Max Delay Skew – Setup TimeHold Margin = Min Data Etch Delay – Max Clock Etch Delay + Min Delay Skew + Data Rate – Hold Time下面解釋以上公式中各參數的意義：Etch Delay：與常說的飛行時間(Flight Time)意義相同，其值并不是從仿真直接得到，而是通過仿真結果的后處理得來。請看下面圖示：圖一為實際電路，激勵源從輸出端，經過互連到達接收端，傳輸延時如圖示Rmin，Rmax，Fmin，Fmax。圖二為對應輸出端的測試負載電路，測試負載延時如圖示Rising，Falling。通過這兩組值就可以計算得到Etch Delay 的最大和最小值。
上傳時間： 2013-11-05
上傳用戶：VRMMO
OPTOELECTRONICS CIRCUIT COLLECTION AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE BIAS SUPPLY 1Provides an output voltage of 0V to +80V for reverse biasingan avalanche photodiode to control its gain. This circuit canalso be reconfigured to supply a 0V to –80V output.LINEAR TEC DRIVER–1This is a bridge-tied load (BTL) linear amplifier for drivinga thermoelectric cooler (TEC). It operates on a single +5Vsupply and can drive ±2A into a common TEC.LINEAR TEC DRIVER–2This is very similar to DRIVER–1 but its power output stagewas modified to operate from a single +3.3V supply in orderto increase its efficiency. Driving this amplifier from astandard +2.5V referenced signal causes the output transistorsto have unequal power dissipation.LINEAR TEC DRIVER–3This BTL TEC driver power output stage achieves very highefficiency by swinging very close to its supply rails, ±2.5V.This driver can also drive ±2A into a common TEC. Operationis shown with the power output stage operating on±1.5V supplies. Under these conditions, this linear amplifiercan achieve very high efficiency. Application ReportThe following collection of analog circuits may be useful in electro-optics applications such as optical networkingsystems. This page summarizes their salient characteristics.
上傳時間： 2013-10-27
上傳用戶：落花無痕
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design I enjoyed reading this book for a number of reasons. One reason is that itaddresses high-speed analog design in the context of microwave issues. This isan advanced-level book, which should follow courses in basic circuits andtransmission lines. Most analog integrated circuit designers in the past workedon applications at low enough frequency that microwave issues did not arise.As a consequence, they were adept at lumped parameter circuits and often notcomfortable with circuits where waves travel in space. However, in order todesign radio frequency (RF) communications integrated circuits (IC) in thegigahertz range, one must deal with transmission lines at chip interfaces andwhere interconnections on chip are far apart. Also, impedance matching isaddressed, which is a topic that arises most often in microwave circuits. In mycareer, there has been a gap in comprehension between analog low-frequencydesigners and microwave designers. Often, similar issues were dealt with in twodifferent languages. Although this book is more firmly based in lumped-elementanalog circuit design, it is nice to see that microwave knowledge is brought inwhere necessary.Too many analog circuit books in the past have concentrated first on thecircuit side rather than on basic theory behind their application in communications.The circuits usually used have evolved through experience, without asatisfying intellectual theme in describing them. Why a given circuit works bestcan be subtle, and often these circuits are chosen only through experience. Forthis reason, I am happy that the book begins first with topics that require anintellectual approach—noise, linearity and filtering, and technology issues. Iam particularly happy with how linearity is introduced (power series). In therest of the book it is then shown, with specific circuits and numerical examples,how linearity and noise issues arise.
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：han_zh
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10- layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in card attached through a connector. This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/jitter and loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect. However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations. Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to ensure compliance to all applicable specifications. The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
上傳時間： 2013-10-15
上傳用戶：busterman
模塊電源的電氣性能是通過一系列測試來呈現的，下列為一般的功能性測試項目，詳細說明如下： 電源調整率(Line Regulation) 負載調整率(Load Regulation) 綜合調整率(Conmine Regulation) 輸出漣波及雜訊(Ripple & Noise) 輸入功率及效率(Input Power, Efficiency) 動態負載或暫態負載(Dynamic or Transient Response) 起動(Set-Up)及保持(Hold-Up)時間 常規功能(Functions)測試 1. 電源調整率 電源調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓變化時提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下：于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩定后，分別于低輸入電壓(Min)，正常輸入電壓(Normal)，及高輸入電壓(Max)下測量并記錄其輸出電壓值。 電源調整率通常以一正常之固定負載(Nominal Load)下，由輸入電壓變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率(deviation)的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 2. 負載調整率 負載調整率的定義為開關電源于輸出負載電流變化時，提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。測試步驟如下：于待測電源供應器以正常輸入電壓及負載狀況下熱機穩定后，測量正常負載下之輸出電壓值，再分別于輕載(Min)、重載(Max)負載下，測量并記錄其輸出電壓值(分別為Vo(max)與Vo(min))，負載調整率通常以正常之固定輸入電壓下，由負載電流變化所造成其輸出電壓偏差率的百分比，如下列公式所示： [Vo(max)-Vo(min)] / Vo(normal) 3. 綜合調整率 綜合調整率的定義為電源供應器于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化時，提供其穩定輸出電壓的能力。這是電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合，此項測試系為上述電源調整率與負載調整率的綜合，可提供對電源供應器于改變輸入電壓與負載狀況下更正確的性能驗證。 綜合調整率用下列方式表示：于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流變化下，其輸出電壓之偏差量須于規定之上下限電壓范圍內(即輸出電壓之上下限絕對值以內)或某一百分比界限內。 4. 輸出雜訊 輸出雜訊(PARD)系指于輸入電壓與輸出負載電流均不變的情況下，其平均直流輸出電壓上的周期性與隨機性偏差量的電壓值。輸出雜訊是表示在經過穩壓及濾波后的直流輸出電壓上所有不需要的交流和噪聲部份(包含低頻之50/60Hz電源倍頻信號、高于20 KHz之高頻切換信號及其諧波，再與其它之隨機性信號所組成))，通常以mVp-p峰對峰值電壓為單位來表示。 一般的開關電源的規格均以輸出直流輸出電壓的1%以內為輸出雜訊之規格，其頻寬為20Hz到20MHz。電源實際工作時最惡劣的狀況(如輸出負載電流最大、輸入電源電壓最低等)，若電源供應器在惡劣環境狀況下，其輸出直流電壓加上雜訊后之輸出瞬時電壓，仍能夠維持穩定的輸出電壓不超過輸出高低電壓界限情形，否則將可能會導致電源電壓超過或低于邏輯電路(如TTL電路)之承受電源電壓而誤動作，進一步造成死機現象。 同時測量電路必須有良好的隔離處理及阻抗匹配，為避免導線上產生不必要的干擾、振鈴和駐波，一般都采用雙同軸電纜并以50Ω于其端點上，并使用差動式量測方法(可避免地回路之雜訊電流)，來獲得正確的測量結果。 5. 輸入功率與效率 電源供應器的輸入功率之定義為以下之公式： True Power = Pav(watt) = Vrms x Arms x Power Factor 即為對一周期內其輸入電壓與電流乘積之積分值，需注意的是Watt≠VrmsArms而是Watt=VrmsArmsxP.F.，其中P.F.為功率因素(Power Factor)，通常無功率因素校正電路電源供應器的功率因素在0.6～0.7左右，其功率因素為1～0之間。 電源供應器的效率之定義為為輸出直流功率之總和與輸入功率之比值。效率提供對電源供應器正確工作的驗證，若效率超過規定范圍，即表示設計或零件材料上有問題，效率太低時會導致散熱增加而影響其使用壽命。 6. 動態負載或暫態負載 一個定電壓輸出的電源，于設計中具備反饋控制回路，能夠將其輸出電壓連續不斷地維持穩定的輸出電壓。由于實際上反饋控制回路有一定的頻寬，因此限制了電源供應器對負載電流變化時的反應。若控制回路輸入與輸出之相移于增益(Unity Gain)為1時，超過180度，則電源供應器之輸出便會呈現不穩定、失控或振蕩之現象。實際上，電源供應器工作時的負載電流也是動態變化的，而不是始終維持不變(例如硬盤、軟驅、CPU或RAM動作等)，因此動態負載測試對電源供應器而言是極為重要的。可編程序電子負載可用來模擬電源供應器實際工作時最惡劣的負載情況，如負載電流迅速上升、下降之斜率、周期等，若電源供應器在惡劣負載狀況下，仍能夠維持穩定的輸出電壓不產生過高激(Overshoot)或過低(Undershoot)情形，否則會導致電源之輸出電壓超過負載組件(如TTL電路其輸出瞬時電壓應介于4.75V至5.25V之間，才不致引起TTL邏輯電路之誤動作)之承受電源電壓而誤動作，進一步造成死機現象。 7. 啟動時間與保持時間 啟動時間為電源供應器從輸入接上電源起到其輸出電壓上升到穩壓范圍內為止的時間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例，啟動時間為從電源開機起到輸出電壓達到4.75V為止的時間。 保持時間為電源供應器從輸入切斷電源起到其輸出電壓下降到穩壓范圍外為止的時間，以一輸出為5V的電源供應器為例，保持時間為從關機起到輸出電壓低于4.75V為止的時間，一般值為17ms或20ms以上，以避免電力公司供電中于少了半周或一周之狀況下而受影響。 8. 其它 在電源具備一些特定保護功能的前提下，還需要進行保護功能測試，如過電壓保護(OVP)測試、短路保護測試、過功保護等
上傳時間： 2013-10-22
上傳用戶：zouxinwang
